Techniques that have been used aren't powerful enough to do the type of learning that humans do. The people who do most of that learning are babies and young children.

From small amounts of data, they can make very impressive generalizations. Studies show that they are often better than adults at coming up with unlikely ideas.

MES:
M - Model building
E - Exploration
S - Social learning

It is a developmental psychology concept that rewards one for making predictions that do not fit with what one already knows.

Babies and young children are born with a lot of ideas of how the world works. Children are also actually doing the most learning; a child's brain is going to be better at learning than an adult's brain.

Part of it may involve determining if it is best to develop systems that humans can't do well vs. what they can do well (i.e. processing enormous amounts of data vs. creativity/curiosity).

Yes. The general idea of the way to go is to continue to develop these structured models surrounding the brain development of babies and young children.