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M v m t dot com slash Rogan Shop movement Ever scroll blue light filtering glasses, protect your eyes and look great while doing it. Goto movement m v mt dot com slash Rogan and join the movement. Oh, and last but not least, we are brought to you by a new podcast. Sounds weird promoting a podcast on upon cast, but I'm sure you've got the time. This is a podcast that's about stand up, Uh, from a great stand up Chris Distephano. Every week, Chris and his producer will be listening to and discussing some of the greatest stand up of all time, from classic bits out of Comedy Central's library to jokes from today's hottest up and coming comedians. They'll unpacked their favorite bits, discussed the comedy scene,

call up other comedians and generally get into everything comedy. And since they recorded Comedy Central's headquarters in New York City, you never know who might drop in so you can listen to expertly curated playlists with jokes from John Mulaney to Hannibal Burress to Maria Bamford, Mitch Hedberg. And in between jokes, you get to hear behind the scenes discussions about the bit or what else Chris has on its mind. It's basically two podcasts for the price of one, but it's completely free. There's no podcasts out there. That's anything like it. And you subscribe and listen to new episodes of Stand Up With Chris Distephano every Thursday. Wherever you listen to your podcasts. My guest today is a good friend. A brilliant man. One of the, I guess probably the most famous astrophysicist in the known universe.

His name is Neil DeGrasse Tyson. Joe Rogan Experience Trying my Day Joe Rogan podcast My night all day. Hello, Joe. What's going on, man? Good

to see you. Thanks. Thanks. I feel a little overdressed.

Sorry about you look good. You know, Look at that story night there. Yeah, You're really into that, huh? Yeah, I got. Is that That's what's

on your phone. So you remembered. Yes. Yeah, Yeah. It's on the phone started night. What I like about starry night. It's not what van Gogh saw that night. It's what he felt. How do you know what he felt? Because this is not a representation of reality. Oh, anything that deviates from reality is reality that has filtered through your senses. And I think art at its highest is exactly that. If this was an exact depiction of reality, it would be a photograph. And I don't need the artist M. Okay, so even photographs that take you to a slightly other kind of dimension as you gaze upon them. It's more than what was actually going on at the time, and that's that's are taken to the craft of photography.

That's why you

like it. It's one of the reasons why. Plus, I think it was the very first painting where its title is the background. Think about that. This could have been called, you know, in the full painting. Obviously, this is a so there's a town there. There's a cypress tree. There's a church steeple. It could have been called Cypress Tree could be called Sleepy Village. It could have been called Rolling Hills, but no, it's called Starry Night and everything in front of it. Everything in front of it is just in the way.

And how often do you paint something Where the title is the background? That that's my point. And in this particular case, the background is the universe. And so so for me, this was a pivot point in art. And it's 18 89 which is recent given the history of paintings and you know that Go all the way back. So yeah, there. Is that your favorite painting ever? I have

to say you has to. Do you have a vest and a phone? It's not. What are you doing?

I four or five ties that have this painting on them in different ways? Yes. Would you put up a wall in I'm all in.

What's interesting is that the town

is what have you seen? Starry night in bacon. Somebody looking Dig it up on the screen. It ate. Somebody did it in bacon is just how weird? Yes. So, yeah,

we're go back to the original one, please. What's interesting about the original one is that the town is realistically depicted. The trees are recognizable, is trees. If you ever saw a sky that looked like that, the end would be

here. Yeah, exactly. Swirling is not. And and it's not clouds because it was If it was clouds, you wouldn't see the stars, right? It's how he felt. That's all I can tell you. By the way, that is a really evening. So that's sorry. It's not even the early morning. The crescent moon when it's that orientation means this is before sunrise and that white object lower on the horizon, that sort of glory. That's very likely, Venus. And that enables us to trace what's over. What set of weeks. This painting was actually painted, so it's kind of like a forensic astronomy.

Has anyone done an analysis of, like where

he must have been? Yeah, it's well known, Yeah, when he was in a real

place and so that

he didn't pull this out of his ass, right? I mean, it was he painted what he saw. Fold it into what? He felt heavy. That's how art should be, I think. Yeah. Otherwise, what would you need artists for, uh, make cool shed? The cool stuff is something that they felt that it came out of them. Yeah, and they feel stuff they artists feel feel the natural world in ways different from the rest of us. And that's why they're artists.

Do they or do they just express it

with Sorry way All can feel it. But to be able to express it, that that's a whole other talent, right? Just a camp. You know what I think about often? Why do you? Why do we all know who Paul Revere is? All right, Well, we is a household name. Yet Is there any other war ever fought in the history of the world? Where a household name is the name of the person who told other people the enemy was coming? We We can mention his name, but we can't list the generals that all fought in that war. Why, it's because a poem was written about him and he had this mundane job.

Let me tell people the enemy is coming. And so the artists in this case, the poet elevated the mundane to something that forces you turn. I reckon it with your understanding of this world. What's Joyce Joyce Kilmer is most famous poem. It's about a tree. Dogs piss on trees. You drive by trees. You don't even know they're there yet a poem about a tree. I'll never see something as lovely as a tree. Oh, my gosh. So the art forces you to pause and just reflect on things that you took for granted things that became ordinary in your life. And they were elevated to to to they get beatified by the talents of artist. That's a word beatify. You never know.

Beatify. Yeah, I'm using loosely. It's the intermediate step between being an ordinary person and being a saint. Beatification of someone in the Catholic

Church. I would have thought it's making something more beautiful. Uh

oh. Maybe. Okay, I don't could have Rigsby had Bbut Could could come from that, but to be it be beatified is the first steps on route to sainthood. Uh, yeah. Ah, that's if I remember the word

correctly. Here goes You got pulled it up the definition to make supremely happy Christianity declared to have attained blessedness of heaven and authorized the title Blessed and limited public religious honor. She was beatified six years after

her. Yes. So I think you can't become a saint unless you previously been beatified. I think that's the rule, but I'm looking at the number one definition of there to make supremely happy. So that's it. That's interesting. Yeah, that that that moved ahead of the definition of beatify. Yeah, to beatify where the verb was up there you had on the screen Roman Catholic shirts. He beatified Juan Diego, an Indian believed to have a vision of the Virgin Mary synonyms, canonize, sanctify. How will consecrate So? I think if you take something ordinary and you subjected to the interpretation of an artist,

it can be beatified and elevated on a level where it becomes at household recognition of its importance in this world. My brothers and artists, my brother's an artist kind, are a fine art but also paints, and he teaches history of art. So I have had this sort of baptism my whole life being exposed to him. I'm that you know the city, the sibling scientist, but they haven't artist in the family. Everyone should have an artist in the family.

I've got an uncle

and, of course, the whole steam movement. Science, technology, engineering and math. The artist got in and say, Wait, so stem the stem movement. They want to throw in the A to get art as part of that movement. Science, technology, engineering, art and math

changing from stem to steam

esteem. So you get full steam ahead. Steam is a better word in that. Well, they're both good words for what they need, but

that just sounds like a bunch. Awesome stuff

like it does. And,

you know, why not throw in comedy and building houses? You know, it seems like you're getting very It's like the Lbgt. Q. I Things get really squirrely when you start

adding more letters, you can add letters. But if it doesn't spell anything, then the memorization has to kick in but steam. You don't have to memorize that. It's already there for you. So it's cleverly conceived. I think the abbreviation was its tacit recognition that these are elements in society that advanced civilization and grow the economy. Actually, so, in fact, there's hardly any growth economy in the world that isn't growing because it hasn't not having been touched by science or technology. Everything just think about it. So if you're around running, you don't have them on your show. But if you went around saying, I don't like science,

science, bad science is evil. Okay, well, then you will die in poverty. If you elect officials who believe that as well

we'll fuck thinks that science is bad in 2000 and 19. And how did they express this? They express it through sign. Okay, so I'm saying like, are they saying it online?

I have a book coming out in a month called Letters from an Astrophysicist. Okay, it's not It's not out yet. I've got It's not how did you get a competent? But I don't even have my copy yet. Okay, What I'm saying in there there's a whole chapter on just angry people who don't like anything, including science. And one of its a riff. He just said I hated that signs and that science would bring some of the worst things that's ever happened to humanity and pollution. And this goes on and on and on and on and on. And so I reply is letters from an astrophysicist and I reply as as calmly and rationally is is possible when you get attacked that way. But what I'm saying is not everyone embraces everything that science does, and some will cherry pick it. You have the science deniers for global warming of science deniers with vaccines, have sites and IRS with G. M.

O's Yet this. There's all manner of science denying going on in modern society. And you know, we in a free society. What you gonna dio right? That people can think what they want. But if it thinking what they want influences policy, which then affects everybody, then your science denial has consequences to the economic health of the nation and, by the way, is not only economics. It's your the economic health. It's your physical health. Because Madison flows through advances in science as well as our security.

Well, there's people that deny some aspects of science while conveniently using other. That's where it gets weird, right? You're driving a car that's relying on GPS, using a phone to complain about the global warming hoax. You know you're

correct. One of my more more sort of popular tweets was Remember when the we have the photo of the black hole from a distant galaxy? Andi was banner headlines maybe a year ago, less than a year ago, banner headlines and first photo ever of a black hole, and it was an astounding engineering achievement to accomplish that it was multiple telescopes all around the world pooling the data to get it right. And it was one of the greatest collaborative efforts we've ever undertaken in my field of astrophysics. Okay, everybody was loving the results So that all I tweeted waas scientists report first photo of a black hole public. Who, uh, scientists report humans air warming the earth. Oh, you get reported up. Okay, scientists, we produced the first ever image of a supermassive black hole 55 million light years away.

The response. Who? Scientists. We've concluded that humans are catastrophically warming the earth response that conflicts with what I want to be true. So it must be false. Well, that is the cherry picking of science.

It is the cherry picking assignments. But the global warming thing is very much connected to a certain type of ideology. A certain type of person thinks the matter to me. No nonsense

person. What I'm saying. Yes, it does matter what I'm. What I'm trying to say is that is a demographic that has cherry picked science to deny human caused global warming. There are other democratic demographic set of cherry picked other science to deny other things. And it it's not all located in one political spectrum. I mean one political branch. So you tend to find liberal folk complaining that conservatives who have embraced know the gluten told global warming platform are denying science and in each science on their side. And many of those same people are rubbing crystals together to be healed by the crystal energy. Or they're denying vaccines, thinking that there's somehow bad for you. And so so all of this requires some or total rejection of mainstream science. And we were living in that world now, and I don't know. I don't think it will stop the progress of civilization, but it can certainly slow it down and occasionally stall it

well, that is certainly a problem. But how big of a problem is it like how many people are really in denial of science in 2019 and it's got

to be for me number. That's not what matters. What matters is in a free country that you elect officials who are not officials. You elect people who are scientifically literate. They don't have to be scientists. I and if the not scientifically literate, they should be self aware of that and then listen to people who are

right. So don't you think what they're doing, though, is there doing what their constituents would like

them to do? That's why I don't beat politicians over the head ever. I don't do that. Where were Republic were democracy? Whatever they believe. If they think the Earth is 6000 years old and they got elected, it's because the people who elected them believe the Earth is 6000 years old or

because they're willing to let that one go because they believe in a

Possibly that's a good point because you have a portfolio of thoughts and beliefs

or because he's such a profound Christian. I mean, he's so profoundly Christian that

he just wanted literally ammunition who are connected to science that don't including the pope. By the way, you can get more Christian than the pope.

Yeah, he believes in science. Now this new pope is pretty interesting.

If you read if you read his encyclical from a couple of years ago, it's it's it's a scientifically literate document and know this. Okay, so it's not he's still religious, right? So Jesus still rose from the dead, and they're still miracles and all the rest of that in the New Testament, so he's not in denial of that. But given that he is saying, Oh my gosh, here's something we, the religious community and scientists can partner behind and that is we want to save life on Earth. And so we have to be better shepherds of what is going on on this earth and one of them is We don't want to flood low lying countries in the South Pacific, where the average sea level is 10 feet above sea level, or whatever it is. You're gonna lose these countries if you keep melting our our our three ice caps, because that would include a north and no land in the north.

So the glacier ice that's land based ice right, because any ice that's in the water floating that can melt. And it's not gonna change the water level. So it's why you could do this experiment's really cool. Fill up your glass. A few cubes of ice in a glass of water filled the glass as much as you possibly can without spilling it, and the ice is bobbing above that level. OKay, because ices about 10% buoyant on that about 10% of an ice cube will be lifted above. This is this is this is the iceberg equation, right? Right. That's the tip of the iceberg, While you see the 10% above and 90% is not visible to you. This is, by the way,

I don't want to get too many offerings here. But that's one of one of the things that they did right in Titanic. Okay, if you look at the earliest Titanic movie that was in black and white, they see this huge iceberg on the horizon. And then it can They can't swear away from it, because it Oh, my gosh, it doesn't have no, no. The iceberg that cuts the bottom of your boat is a little bit I sticking out above the water because 90% of it is underwater. And that's where the damage occurs. And in the James Cameron Titanic, the iceberg that they hit above water was looks like a little chunk of ice. You know, that couldn't hurt anything.

All the damages under work and so back to this. So do this experiment and then let the glass sit there and let the ice melt and the water level will stay the same. Because when ice melts, it gets takes a lower volume than it was when it became ice on DATs. Why pipes break?

I thought pipes break just because the water

expand. Yeah, I just described that in the opposite

direction. Oh, because as it freezes it, But it no, it gets larger.

That's what expansion means. What kind of with with your vocabulary

here right now. But I'm saying, like

so you're sitting temperatures, ice cubes sitting 10% above the water level, and it melts and becomes water. The water takes up 90% off the volume of the ice, so that just melt back into the water. And it doesn't overflow, even though it was sticking above the water line when you had the glass. So now, opposite Okay, there's water in the pipes. Can I tell you something that might blow your mind? No. Sure that allowed that. Oh, how many times is your mind? Least once a day? Yeah.

At least we need your mind blown. Okay, here's how it works. Okay, So let's put water in the pipes. Okay? And then the temperature drops. The pipes have a certain strength. Copper pipes. You know, they're rigid. I grew up around breaking pipes. Okay, so no one asked Use. It's so the water's in there, and now the temperature begins to drop.

Okay, um, the water wants to turn toe ice, but it can't because the pipe is containing it. So it just sits there, Okay. At 32 degrees as water, even though the temperature outside is dropping below 32 degrees. Okay, and it still sits there gets the 30 degrees 29. The pipe is squeezing the attempt of this water to become ice on the inactive. Squeezing it prevents the temperature from dropping. Okay. And you as the temperature drops, depending how strong the pipe is and the temperature grading across it as the outside temperature continued, gets toe now 25 degrees.

The pipe is still holding onto the liquid water. That and it's still 32 degrees inside there, and it holds onto, and it keeps happening and keeps having you get a point where the pipe can no longer contain the water and the water freezes spontaneously. It just goes right down to that temperature and the pipe is helpless in the face of this. So the point is, the stronger the pipe is the lower. The temperature has to be outside for the freezing water to break.

So, theoretically, have you had a pipe that was made of a stronger material than copper? You can get even lower than you get even lower temperatures. How low can you get? Uh, because when when things freeze, they have to

expand. So what? No, Only when water freezes. Why does water expand when it's It's A It's a remarkable fact about water that is shared by very few other ingredients. Most things when they cool, they shrink, as all men know. So so so most most materials because things cooler, the vibrating molecules slow down and they take up less space. Water is the opposite of that as it passes down through. So so I'm gonna describe to an extraordinary fact about water and why were alive today. Okay, so what? You have to take a lake that has fish in it, Okay, temperature drops outside and the lake slowly begins to get cooler because it is a 10 time lag between the air temperature and the water's.

That's why the first freeze the lake is still there has got to be called longer. So what happens? The water gets cold on the surface, okay. And it begins to okay. The water is cold on the surface and it begins to shrink. So that water false, it shrink that makes a denser and falls to the bottom. Fine. It does that down to about four degrees Celsius as it goes from 40. Results is 20 degrees Celsius. The freezing point. It begins to expand and become less dense than the water. So now, as the water wants to actually freeze, it stays on top.

When it does freeze, you freeze the top surface of the lake. Well, how about the water below it? It's insulated from the dropping air temperature and the fish don't die. Imagine if ice were denser than water. What would happen? You'd freeze the top layer. It would sink. The bottom is frozen. Freeze the next layer. It sinks and fish would be systematically forced to swim in shallower and shallower waters until they were all freeze dried on the top surface of the lake and all fishes would be dead every winter. I think it's fairly like

Think it's fish. What do you suppose say fishes?

Fishes is it is a

double plural. He could do that. Yeah. You know, the fish would be dead. You know, like all dear, Would you say all dears?

Well, because generally, if you have multiple kinds of dear

s, So if you had, like, sit, but

but it's rare that they're all in the same place. We only have one. Kind of, But if the ocean has many kind of fish in the same place Oh,

yeah, that's interesting. So I would say fishes

fishes is a double for different kinds of plural fish.

Yeah, Double blow my mind, You know? You didn't know it again? No, no, no. I didn't know. I never thought about

it that way. Many fishes in the Oh, yeah, yeah, yeah. So sorry. Fishes in the sea. Yeah. So multiple pearls of different

Does it have to get where ocean water freezes its salt salt water? Do you have the weight of their supporters? Anomaly. That happened where there was two too little oxygen in the water and somehow the frozen fish got pushed out on a wall of ice. South Dakota. Whoa. So there's too little oxygen? I don't know. I can't explain that in there. If you look at the if you look at the green in the water, most likely it's algae. So that happens with certain legs that get polluted with certain types of out. Kill the lake. But by doing that, like and well, you get it in the ocean to get

these zones. But I don't see how

you get frozen fish, though. That's incredible. But the stop. Go back up, scroll down so I could read it. Fish frozen. A wall of ice is South Dakota's Lake Andy's National Wildlife Refuge. That's incredible, man. Is that a video? Jamie. I

don't know how they because they could just swim to where it's not frozen. So I'd have t do more homework on that one, too. See what? What caused that? Wow, eso. My point is because of this property of water. How weird that ice floats. It insulates the bottom layers of the lake, and fish can survive over the winter. That's

how close it was. Work to write, insulate, seeking inside to get a like a

Yeah, sure, Yeah, yeah. I mean, if you put a barrier between you and the changing elements outside that basically an insulating layer.

Have you ever been ice fishing? No, I never I It's a good way to get a life person. Well, they have him in New York City. People go ice fishing. I'm sure incentive

to women go exhibition to get away from their husbands.

They dio like, Why do people golf? You know, uh, ice fishing is particularly weird because you have to continually scoop out the ice and maybe even drill again,

right? So that works because frozen water is less dense than non frozen water, and it's one of the rare ingredients for which that so and it's likely there would be no life on land or anywhere on Earth if that were the case. Of the opposite of that were the case. So water is a very special ingredient to life on Earth. It cited by many religious folks, is saying, See Earth is sacred for these in the list of special ingredients for one make earth habitable for life.

That that is a really strange thing, though, that if you can contain it somehow, an incredibly strong pipe, but it won't freeze. Yes, but is a temperature variant? Is there

a number? Well, that's that's why pipes don't freeze when it just hits 30 degrees outside. That's not when you hear it. It freezes when it gets really low when you crack and then it'll it'll break the copper like it's paper. Let's hear it like it's like It's not now on the flip side of that, try this at home. Taken Ice Cube, that's like at 30 degrees. Okay, how would you measure that? Pull out an ice cube, and just because they'll be at near 0 F if you If you have a good freezer, just pull out and leave it on the counter. Put put it on a wooden cutting board, okay? And just let it sit there for,

like, 10 minutes and its temperature will come up. There'll be a point where it hasn't melted yet, but you can take it and squeeze the ice cube. You can force it to melt by squeezing it because you're forcing it into a smaller volume that it currently contains, and the only way you can accomplish that is if the ice turns to water. Then it will on you my smaller volume. So the act of squeezing ice can actually melt

it. So if you had some sort of a pipe that could physically constrict like something that had threads it and there could wind down to a smaller size, you could stick a cylinder of ice in it, and you could slowly cranking. Yes, yes, it would melt.

Yes, you can melt if you have some machine that squeezed ice and the colder the ice is the hardy this the more you the hard it would be for you to squeeze it to accomplish that. So it's sort of fun with ice that you know what else you can do. This is harder experiment to do. If you take us a mesh like a screen mesh, that's to be sort of wider openings than a screen door would. So what would this be like offense, like a a chain link fence and behold horizontal and get a big block of ice and just place it on top a block of ice that's heavy. What will happen is the ice. The weight of the ice will melt the ice in the contact points of the chain itself because it's feeling that pressure to squeeze into a smaller volume. But by the time it melts, the ice has now passed through the great, and it will refreeze on the other side. So you can actually pass a block of ice through a chain link fence vertically just by pushing it. Yeah, it's pretty. It's pretty cool.

It's a slow experiment, but it's wrong. It depends on the temperature and how and how and how much it weighs, because the pressure is what this is. Why this? Why you cannot escape. Why can you skate on ice? Because the edge of the blade is very high. Pressure on the ice and it's melting, a bead of order and you actually gliding on water when you're skating, you're not skating on slippery ice. Really? Yes,

I thought you were just cutting the ice with

the blade. Well, so the blade. Have you ever seen a sharpened blade? It's not just flat. There's actually a con cave cross section to it, so each edge, the left edge in the right edge is, is basically a knife edge. Okay, not quite a sharp as a knife, but it's you can feel how it's. It's sharp so that when you lean on that edge, either inner edge or outer edge, your entire body weight is being held up on this on a very narrow surface area of the blade. So the pressure is extreme. It's like £1000 per square inch.

You don't weigh £1000 but you're not skating on a square inch. Right? So you you do the math on that, and what you can have is, uh, you will skate and you're actually what makes it so slippery on ice skates is because you're moving on a bead of water that freezes right behind you as you go past it. Dude. Yeah, so it's possible for ice to be so cold you can't really skate on it because even that pressure is not enough to melt it. How cold? And after being that I last I did, a calculation was really cold, like tens of degrees below zero. How does dry ice work? Oh, it's just frozen carbon dioxide,

that's all. Eso Here's a difference. Here's the difference. You have a block of frozen H 20 and a block of Frozen Co two so there they are. It turns out the air pressure on Earth is high enough. That's a sea level is high enough to allow the ice to melt and sustain a liquid state. Okay, that co two under air pressure. Normal air pressure. It wants to melt, but it can't sustain a liquid and it goes straight to gas. If we had much higher air pressure, you could you could have so to melt and have liquid co two. So I watched it happen. So So blow your mind again. This is just a really good stuff,

okay? It's good. Like physical chemistry. So here you go, so watch it happens. So what happens if I reduce the air pressure? Okay, well, the transition from ice to water is still the same. It's not affected, but the boiling point is affected. As you know, cooking times have to be adjusted on mountaintops because when you boil, water is not 212 degrees, depending on the height of the mountain, there's less air pressing down that that's preventing it from boiling.

Okay, the boiling point is not some absolute fact about the water. It has to do with what the air pressure is sitting above it. You have extremely high air pressure. Water has to go to a much higher temperature before it boils. So our So the boiling point of water that's reported in all textbooks is at sea level at one atmospheric pressure. That's how you get 212 degrees if you start reducing. The atmospheric pressure is 210 degrees, 205 degrees, 200 degrees, 190 degrees 180 degrees.

One 100

80 0 yes. And so that's not as hot as 212 degrees. She got a cook, the food longer. All coming times air increased for this reason. So now watch. I'm not done with you. Oh, let's keep reducing the air pressure, Okay? Theoretical or like possible on Earth? No, no Himalayas. Yeah, but or take it up, you can ascend in some kind of copter or some kind of device are air balloon. Whatever.

But I'm saying you can do this experiment in a laboratory. Okay. Okay. You keep reducing the air pressure. Boiling pork keeps dropping. It's hard. And 70 degrees 150 120 100 F. 80 F. 50 F, 40 F, 32 F. Holy shed. What happens? The ice melts and becomes water. The water evaporates and become steam, and all of that's happening at 32 degrees.

There is an atmospheric pressure for which water, ice and steam co exist, and it's called the triple point of order. And all ingredients have a triple point. Wow, what is The atmosphere of Mars is very close to the triple point of order. So you can have you can have a simultaneous bath in certain regions of Mars, a simultaneous bath because the air pressure so low is like 1 1/100 Earth's air pressure is very, very low. So you know a place where a pot of water, ice cubes and steam are coming out all at once. Is that the triple point? So So So here's the lesson here is we live life in our world at one atmospheric pressure at one. Um, uh uh uh, the room temperature, atmospheric pressure. And we define what is normal based on that life experience based on how our senses interact with that environment. But the actual universe is far freakier than what we that what our senses are exposed, our five senses are exposed to on Earth.

What did you think about Ellen? Must idea about nuking the poles of Mars in order to make it warmer.

Yes, so some of these air kind of pie in the sky ideas. But let's let's get to what he's trying to get at. What you want to do is you want to introduce warmth. You want toe block the ozone that you want to block the ultraviolet so that you can protect organic life. All right, so we have an ozone layer that's three oxygen atoms 03 and oxygen. Ozone likes ultraviolet light, so ultraviolet light comes from the sun. It gets eaten by ozone gets eaten. And when you do that, the ultimate light doesn't make it to earth surface. So even though they sell where, where sunscreen and sun block 45. Yes, that's for the 1% of the ultraviolet A gets through the atmosphere. If you're above the atmosphere,

you are fried. So because ultraviolet is highly hostile to organic molecules and what we're made of his life, so you want to protect, you want to give life a chance, so you want to not only heat Mars, you want to find a way to block the ultraviolet light coming from the sun. So you need some mechanism, if not ozone, where it just live underground, for example. Okay. And so? So I don't think we should think of the idea as a literal thing, but just it's a general principle of what you want to accomplish on Mars. In doing so, you want to warm it.

You want to protect what could be the future of of biochemistry. And then you see it and you and then you wait. Do you wanna wait too long? You want to sort of speed it up if you could. And then you terra form Mars Space X. Has I visited him a couple of times? He's got a mug you can buy there. Then it has Mars on it, okay? And then you put put hot liquid in it and Mars turns to on arable blue green marble. So, yeah, it's very good. And it doesn't tell you that when you so I got a Mars mug, you know, and you show it off.

Oh, my gosh. What? When did that happen? Is an earth mug, but it doesn't look like Earth.

There's a lot of people that go on. Uh,

so we think there's a lot of water that was once on Mars, which is a certainty. We think it's just sitting below in a permafrost so you wouldn't have to bring water to Mars. By the way, in the really distant future, you could redirect a comet and get all the water you need. But

how far distance

that the Comets everywhere do? We're

in a shooting gallery. Yeah, that's not what I asked. How far away do you think it is Before we could read the

record far away in time? Yes. Okay. Sorry. Um ah. We know how to do it, but there's no real incentive. So there's no engineering funded engineering plan to do it, but we know how to do it.

On paper, we know how to do it in a conceivable

way. Oh, yeah. So they're so first of all, it happens with or without us because we are in the shooting path of countless thousands of asteroids and comets. So what you would do is you find one that's headed close to us anyway, in the seventh orbit down the line or the 100th orbit down the line, and then you slightly deflected in such a way that it would then collide with Mars or even Earth. If you wanted, Earth needed two more fresh water.

Yeah, I heard that there's a possibility

they state The problem is, if something really big that would fill lakes worth it that collided with Earth. That would just be bad for life on Earth because it's a spontaneous deposit of energy that can change the climate. And you want to do that on a planet that you're trying to terra form.

Isn't that the speculation of how water got here in the first place?

So if the jury still out on that, there's their tags in the oceans in the water molecule that tell you that the water must have come from more than one source. So that's what's confusing things. We wanted to be a simple thing. It all came by. Comments were all came from inside the earth through volcanoes, volcanoes emit lakes and historically lakes and oceans worth of water just out of their out of there. Calderas. So So the problem is what, as we say, in science over determined there's plenty comets to have delivered all the water. There's plenty of water that could have come out of out of volcanoes to give us all the so. But in the oceans it's clearly a mixture. And so the final word is still out on

that. What do you think about what's going on? Why now, with the pro testing of the building of this largest and latest telescope?

Yes, that the TMT 30 meter telescope, which should be the largest ever by far of any kind of telescope. The history of astronomy is one where bigger telescopes become bigger buckets to collect light. That's the only telescope today are the same as telescopes. When they were invented there just bigger right. The principle behind them is bigger because what they're doing is simple. All you're trying to get much light as possible, and the more light you get, the dimmer is the object you can detect, and the farther away is the object you can see. And so, for every generation of new large telescopes that have been built, it is it has increased and deepened our understanding of our place in the universe, so That's just the That's the background. The proposal is for a 30 meter telescope, largest ever on the Big island of Hawaii in Monica. Were there other telescopes

there? That's where the cactus,

right? Yeah, I think if I were the Keck is I think they they cited it in a place that sort of tucked behind most sight lines to it. But that's not so much what's important here. It's that the Native Hawaiians, from what I've read, view the mountain is a sacred place. And so to put a telescope yet another telescope there becomes sort of invasion of sacred land. And so so, yeah, it's it's Ah, there's a standoff Last I looked at the people protesting in the streets, and there's some Native Hawaiians who embrace this because it means jobs. High high quality jobs, engineering jobs. You gotta build it, got to maintain it.

There's an entire supportive infrastructure for that. That means jobs on gets done in collaboration with the University of Hawaii and the all the other telescopes. Air partnered with the University of Hawaii, where people are educated there, and so so at the end of the day, you have to ask Well, how are you gonna make decisions going forward? Are you make them democratically. Then you take a vote or you Do you want the natives to to be the deciders of their own fate? And is that democratic? Okay, so the natives vote okay? Or is it the few people who are protesting Do they win the day? I mean, it's it's complicated, and it's very,

very a lot of nuanced issues going on there. There's that. There's a branch of thinking that the United States government and and normal municipal leaders have no authority over it. There's some who claim that this is a native Hawaiian property that does not belong to any municipal entity of the U. S. Government. So therefore, even state representatives have no say so there's a lot going on there. Okay, But if I were to weigh in, this is how I would do so. OK, I would say, first, um, I think what should happen is I don't know if they even have the infrastructure.

I don't know how the system is set up, but if they could set it up this way, if the mountain is viewed as sacred by the natives. The natives should have entire say of what happens to the mountain. Okay, that's how I think that should be. So now what you want to make sure is that whatever decision gets made and voted upon by the natives that is fully informed you you don't want to vote being misinformed or under informed in any election, let alone whether you're voting for a telescope on your sacred mountain. Okay, Otherwise, you're voting out of nowhere, right? Yet you're not. You're influencing your future based on partial information and decisions based on partial information are bad decisions no matter what. Okay, so I would say Hold the vote with the natives and make sure everybody's fully informed.

And here's a bit of information I just want to add to the information. Okay, you know what we do as astrophysicists? We study the universe rather passively at that. We sit there at the end of a telescope and wait for light to reach us. It's not a Petri dish where we stir it or heated or freezing or crack it, or we're just kind of there communing with the cosmos. My PhD thesis was significantly fed by data that I obtained from mountaintops at telescopes. I got my data from mountains in Chile settle. Oh, and it employed all the natives of the natives, the local local guilty. That's another telescope that so there's all these telescopes that all have specific access points to the universe. They're not all asking the same questions. And so it's the collection of all the data that gives us the complete understanding what we think is a complete understanding of the universe. So what we do is try to understand our place in the universe.

And all I'm going to say is that if you have power over what happens on that mountain and it's sacred to you because whatever that is, it is something important to you and your sense of your understanding of your place in this world that would be spirituals. Significance, I can tell you that what we learn as astrophysicists from those mountaintops gives us a deeper understanding of who and what we are in this universe. So I would say that whatever is your concept of God, be it the the creator of the universe, the spirit energy that pervades all of space and time, whatever is your concept, the discoveries of astrophysicists bring you closer to it.

I get your perspective. Let me be the opposing view. They feel I'm not trying. No, I know

this is just information putting. This is information. And I walk out of the room and then you all vote right? I'm not, You know, we believe in democracy here, and majority rules. That's that's kind of a good thing. It's kind of worked. All right, But if it's not majority rules, I don't know how they're gonna make decision. But let's say invent a future where the natives vote. If they vote, I want to make sure they heard what I just said and and now take control of your

own fate. I just don't think they care. I think they've decided that that's a sacred space and they don't want anybody doing anything to it. Then that is their decision. Them? You think that's okay? I don't I don't judge people's. But if you wanted to make out convincing appeal to them

all, I say what I just told you, that's it. That is all I would tell them. And when they vote, I want them to understand that fact, I could take it one step further and say mountaintops because of the access they give astrophysicists and and by proxy, us all to the universe, our sacred places, too. Scientists. Okay, now it's not sacred in a religious sense, but its sacred in a in terms of a pathway to knowing and understanding who and what we are in this universe. We place great value on that. So But it's not our land it's with, you know,

specifically these things have Europeans didn't come to Hawaii and find fine legions of scientists. They're conducting experiments, Okay? They found native peoples governing themselves. So? So? So that's that the consequence if it gets voted down and that's permanent and there's no way around that that telescope is still gonna be built, it just won't be built in Hoi.

Well, where will it be built that they have to be built on mountaintops?

Yes. So there are the immigration issue, right? Yeah. You want to be above, you know, smeltzy clouds and haze and you want a dry environment. So there's less rain. I went to the clouds. You visited

the Keck more than 10 years ago, the first time and it was I got very fortunate. It was a night where the moon was not out.

Yes, it is not. The astronomers were thing. Yeah. You want the darkest

sky you can. We were worried as we're driving up there, that was really cloudy, but we drove through the clouds and we've got to the top and we got to the observatory and it was the most amazing without telescopes, just there was telescopes there, but without telescopes, it was the most amazing view of the sky at ever seen in my life. And it changed. My perspective of our place in the universe is looked like we were on a spaceship like we were flying through the universe because of the diffused lighting in on the Big Island because it's all set up so that it doesn't ruin what they're trying to accomplish at the CAC. When

you were reflections in the wrong place, it's amazing Not only that, if there was a moon out and you did a send up through the clouds, the moonlight illuminates the clouds. And you are an island in the middle of white cotton. Yeah, and you're not even connected to the Earth. It's what you imagine Mount Olympus would have been.

I've been out there for them

when that happens, with God's up there and there's kind of that's their place, it's there. So So, So yes and so any my my brethren, my fellow astrophysicist, who have also observed from mountaintops. By the way, it's becoming a lost art because when I don't it's not lost, but becoming something we don't do anymore. Something called Service Observing where you put in your observing program and it gets handed to a technician at the telescope who point the telescope gets the data and sends it back to you. So the next generation doesn't have the experience that my generation did because it was a pilgrimage to the top of the mountain and you converted your life's path. You converted your life schedule to become nocturnal, and in so doing you you know, this is the journey was long enough because you're in the middle of nowhere. Now you gotta go nocturnal, and by the time you're ready for this,

you are communing with the cosmos. It is you, the detector, the telescope and the universe. And there's an eerie silence up there, too, because you don't hear any the hum of maybe the motor of the telescope, But that's it. And so all I'm saying is, if they choose to not have it, the Tulsa will go somewhere else. One of them is the Canary Islands. Thes air. Also, volcanic hilltops. Not as high as as Mount A K.

There's a 14,000 feet. By the way. I should have checked at what temperature water boils at the top of Mount A K. We could around it that story out. But, um, I think it's around 100 80 degrees, actually, uh, I think I did actually calculated one time, But I am so so you'd find amount up and we'll put it somewhere else, and the data won't be as good. Um, but that will be a consequence of it. And none of that will go to Hawaii.

How do you think that's gonna get resolved, though, if you have a guess.

I don't know. Um, I, uh I I just don't know.

A lot of people are against it, including Jason Momoa. Aqua Man's against it. Oh, uh, he was out there protesting.

Yeah, and so we get celebrity types to put the weight of their name behind it. It magnifies the cause of others, even if they're in the minority. And so I like I said, I think natives should hasn't been. You know all the natives are is is there some listing so that they can all vote for this one thing? You would want people voting who are not native. If you're voting on whether it's so sacred, you don't want to put a telescope there. You want people who have a an indigenous, an indigenous concern for what goes

on there and indigenous and reference toe. Why is relative

every vestige of the word indigenous is relative,

especially with Hawaii, because

I mean the only indigenous people are black people in Africa. Really life. Human life began in Africa. Everyone else traveled to where they were so so native. It's you set a timeframe to declare what is native and what's not. And a native in its in its simplest form is Are you born there? So I'm a native New Yorker. I'm born there, but I wasn't the original settler there. I would my species did not form on Manhattan Island. Eso everybody traveled to where they are. They just got there before the Europeans. And so that has become the definition of indigenous our Were you there when the Europeans landed? Then you're indigenous. But to other life forms on that on that rock. On that, um uh Hawaii Zahra Volcanic.

It's a volcanic archipelago. You know how that happens, By the way, you have all these multiple volcanoes, interstate in a string. You ever wonder why How that happens? Sure, you did wonder what you do. You know why? Because there's a hot spot beneath Earth's crust is just sitting there. Okay, when you're beneath Earth's crust stuff doesn't move around the way it does on Earth's crust. Earth's crust shifts. Okay, so that hot spot gurgles up, makes a volcano.

Then the hot spot goes dormant. But the shelf still drifts. You still have continental drift, so drifts. Then the hot spot says time for me to gurgle again. The girls up Now you get another volcano and then it goes dormant. That volcano goes dormant, it shifts. You get another one. Any time you see in a chain of islands jet guarantee they're made by volcanoes over enough time for continental gift to have shifted the plates over the hot spot of Earth's mantle.

So do you think what they're concerned with is the eventual spoiling of this beautiful natural resource that slowly but surely people are putting up houses there and developments and all these different things than the scientists are saying We need this sacred land because we're gonna put a volcano when they're like, Look what is already of this already. I mean, we're gonna put a telescope. There's already a telescope up here enough. You think that's what it is? They're trying to halt the progress of civilization, or, I mean, maybe progress is a bad word. The expansion of civilization.

Yeah. I mean, I think Let's go back what a Teddy Roosevelt to, he said, We've got to preserve these lands because they're beautiful. And by that he said that after he shot all his elephants and tigers, lions and tigers and bears. Oh yeah, I hail from a museum, the Americans, even natural history, where he's the patron saint of that museum. What happened was he realizes how important this land is and how beautiful it is. And he is the he's the patron saint of the national park system. So so that's the secular version of Sacred right? We don't say it's sacred, but we've all decided as a community that we care about these lands and you don't want to drill on it.

You don't want to put housing. Was it Lyndon Johnson's wife, Lady Bird Johnson, who said, Our freeways that were so carefully building after the Second World War? The Eisenhower Freeway project? Okay, you know, the interstate system is this is our country. We want to keep it beautiful. So certain stretches over there. No billboards, billboards would, you know, would change your relationship to nature. So certain stretches of interstate are secular Lee sacred If if I can say that.

So I remember visiting visiting Australia, and there is the famous rock in the out in the Outback, the old Lura who Please help me get get my correct pronunciation of this. Oh, Lu rou it said its I'm told it's one coherent geologic rock. It's not just an assembly of rocks, and so I don't know enough about the geology of it, but I do know that the Australian Aborigines but Lulu room and okay, iconic red rock. Look at that cool thing. Okay, so that is one sort of geologic thing. And on climbers want climate, but that's heated. Miles in circumference. Okay,

so we visited it. I rented a bicycle with my wife and kids, and we rode around it. Okay, so now, um, that is sacred to the local indigenous peoples, so they don't want you to climb on it. Well, on a rock climber, you know? What do you care? I'm not gonna ruin it. I'm not gonna didn't want you to climb on it. And I try to think to myself. Is there a counterpart to this That would sort of wake up a Westerner to say I get it.

All right. Now, suppose some people from natives from Alaska or from the same tribes from Africa or some Aborigines came up from these remote places of the world, walked up to the Vatican and said, We want to climb the walls of this Vatican just for sport. What would we say? We want to climb the walls of ST Paul's Cathedral in downtown London. What would you say? You say no. Yeah, but of those comparable way want toe repel down the Tower of Big Ben. You're gonna say no. Get the fucker. You would say no. The's air important structures to us now. Are you gonna say the equipment?

Well, we built those. The natives didn't build the rock, right? Exactly. OK, it depends on how important that detail is to you. All I'm saying is on the level of weeks, say, this is sacred. You say that is sacred. And now you're gonna have different rules for whose climbing what I think it will thwart force you to take pause.

So here's an argument. And full and like supporting what you're saying, Look at what's going on with the Himalayas. I mean, it's the human shit that they leave behind there. So disturbing climbers. Yeah, it's horrible. It's really horrible. I mean, there's tons of it. Tons of human waste.

Okay, so what you do there is if it's still not a problem that people are climbing, it's that they're leaving waste. You don't stop the climbers, you tax them at some level. So now you have cleanup crews that come up after them. No, it's incredible to bring anything back. Good. So you're all awesome. You make it worth it, but understand, Like what?

You have to leave the bodies up there, right? You know that they can't. That's what I heard. Well, why? You think they could bring tons of shit when they can't even bring bodies?

Here's what I'm saying. When they invented cars and cars were killing people in the street because people who know how to cross the street, they don't know wait across the street, people don't have to stop the cars. They say, Well, cars are actually a pretty useful thing. Do we ban cars? No. We make stoplights. Oh, people across that what we make crosswalks, Let's put laying so the cars don't hit each other And let's make airbags so that you don't fly through the windshield. All right, so there are ways around problems if you value the thing that it is that you want to dio. So people leaving crap up there, you make them bring it back or you develop a system that enables the stuff to come back no matter what.

And if you can't do that, you don't want it messed up. Then cancel the whole operation. We didn't cancel cars. We got really innovative about

a big difference between cars in human shit that's left in the side of the mountain. I think the real problem, too, is I think

it is incredible. You mountain climbing and you want to keep doing it, then you solve. The problem is what engineers do. That's all they dio,

because what's your problem has been able to bring those bodies back because the physical limitations of the human body it's barely you barely have enough juice to climb. It's so thin, the air so thin that so

danger and the energy draw on us. So

leave those bodies there.

So is that the human shit that you're talking about?

Or Zell There's

that you're talking about? The fact that humans were there that we got were we were not very clean about our presence. That's what

you're talking about were just being human. We have to go when you gotta go. You gotta go. When you got to go up there, just open up the hatch and let her rip down the side of a mountain and the resulting,

you know, in the space station they recycle your urine and your in your crap. Congratulations to them because that engineers on the problem e me recycle it. They extract all the water from it, and then what's left is highly dried. And he drinking a role? Yeah. Yet water is water. Water molecule. That's the thing about the way, by the way, every

people's

peas in it. That's correct. You got about a bottle of water here? A vampy. Okay, this has Napoleon's peeing. Yes, yes, There are more molecules of water in this bottled. Then there are bottles of water, this volume of order in all the world's oceans. So in other words, if you drank this and Pete it out, okay, you have enough molecules in European in your sweat and then in the the moisture that you exhale, all that goes back into the environment, scattering into all sources water of the world.

And there's enough of those molecules toe occupy every half leader of water that that covers the surface of this earth so that, given enough time, you scoop a couple water out of there. I don't even care for you. Filter it. The H 20 is still there. That is water that has passed through the kidneys of Abraham Lincoln Genghis Khan, Joan of Arc. Socrates, Plato know Jesus. Can I get a bottle of trying to get my my bill and Ted's excellent adventure list going here? Okay, you just ruined it. But yes, Jesus would be included in that. So would Socrates.

Yes. So that is the by the way. The same is true with breaths of air. There are more molecules of air in every breath you take. Then there are breaths of air in all the atmosphere of the earth. So when you exhale, there's enough of those molecules to scatter, and the air currents will do this to scatter into every breath of air that is inhale. So when you take a breath of air, you have molecules of air that went through the lungs of Jesus, huh? We're all connected and there's no way around.

And the water that we have is the water that we have, right? We drink it, we p it because the atmosphere comes down as rain.

The rain is the important differences. Ah, lot. Most of the water on Earth is salt water that you can't drink. Limited amount. That's freshwater. How much of a, by the way, All the glaciers are fresh water because that's its frozen rain. Right? Frozen rain. Here's something that no one talks about when the glaciers melt, where does the water go years ago? Just tell me you don't answer just in the back in the ocean. Okay, so But this is now non salty water going into the ocean. So you're mixing freshwater with brackish water,

and they occupied different places in the vertical profile of the ocean. And because salt orders heavier than freshwater freshwater occupies the top, that's not a salty Is the water at the blow and their circulations in the ocean Not only up and down, you know, northern latitudes, southern latitude like the Gulf Stream. There's also circulation top to bottom, and the combinations of all these circulations create the stability of the ocean. If you disrupt that Oh, my gosh, they're animals, fishes that can't live anymore where they used to be, because the salt level is different and so some annals might go extinct. Some weather patterns will change because the ocean effects climate. So these this is why climate modelling is so critical, yet so complicated because a lot of variables that show up Why

can't we take the salt out of

the water? You can. It just takes energy.

But why hasn't that been being done? I can

tell you who was paying for the energy where you get the energy from its an energy

thing, but I would think that would be very valuable. Me. Think about how many people do. Not valuable enough yet. That's the point. Well, is it?

That's it. It just just money. Dude, it's just money. You can ask. What does it cost to ship? About 1/2 pint of water from Fiji. Okay, whatever have is that square bottle that you buy in Fiji water. Is it VG, right? Yeah. Fiji water. What does it cost to bottle that in Fiji? Ship it here relative to desalinating the ocean. It's cheaper to ship. Like Fiji will be a day when that's not the case and future wars they're going to be fought over who has access to fresh water and the value of order will go up.

And by the way, the value of water in space is $10,000 a pound. So if you if you last two a comment and you say this is a lot of fresh water. You could, I guess you could bring it back down to Earth. But that's expensive. You're better off selling it to NASA for $9000 a pound because it cost them $10,000 a pound to put water into orbit.

So you better off keeping it up there and somehow or another.

Yeah, and so if you're a few harness water in space, you're better off trading in space with it than bringing it back down to a planetary surface. At the moment, the economics

favor that what is the desalination

process? So it's It's simple. You just evaporate the water. It's basically a still it's it's a It's a distillery, right? So here's Here's a pocket of order with that's highly salty and you heat it. The H 20 evaporates, leaving sodium chloride behind, and at the end, you get this salt deposit at the bottom of your dish at the bottom of your vessel. Oh, wait a minute. What happens to lakes that used to be there, that salty lakes that used to be there that aren't there's a salt deposit that's the source of our modern day salt this is I tweeted the other day that all table salt is, um all table salt is see solved. It just came from long buried prehistoric evaporated sees So salt mines. And I was I was told by some geologists I had had a narrow,

narrow usage of the word mind. I think her mind, I think the hole in the ground. But mining operations include surface operations as well. So they're surface lakes that have evaporated. And you get salt from that, as well as the minds that you would dig down deep below. So that whole all of that is a mining operation. My tweet only reference the buried ones, but it's all but it's all from evaporated waters, all from evaporated. It's all sea salt is the point

Now. Nuclear power plants rely on steam,

right? Isn't that part of clear just finishes it just to finish the point. So you evaporate the water and the soft left. Maybe you want to use that makes him sea salt out of it. Table salt on dat evaporated water condenses out over here, and that is distilled order. Now you might want to mineralized. It's so taste good cause distilled water doesn't taste good places. Not really healthy to drink it. As you probably know, you drink distilled water. It goes into equilibrium with your minerals sucking minerals out of you. So it has the same minerality that your body does and then you pee it out and you'll systematically drain yourself of important electrolytes. Eso generally the water that you would say taste good and you enjoy has some mineral bits. Some some kind of mineral minerals in it.

Now nuclear power plants, don't they? The process is using that nuclear energy to create steam toe operate turbines

and basically all of our electricity day comes from essentially the mostly electricity is coming from turbines that convert steam to electricity. So sorry. So you heat water, the water make steam the steam turns the turbine and the turning turbine generating electricity. So So it's a matter where you get the energy to boil the water. That's what it comes out. Is it Cole? Is it oil? Is it is it nukes? Is it wind? Is it hydro? All of this if you get a hydro plant. Oh, by the way, that a hydro plant they don't have to make steam because they have the water. The water pressure at the base of the dam moves through the turbines. It turns the turbines and make electricity.

If you don't have to heat anything because they have with water pressure to do that anyway, that is also solar powered, By the way, because the sun evaporated ocean water, the water lifts up, becomes a cloud. The cloud moves over ground over the land. The cloud rains into the lake that is above the dam, So the energy that got the water up there in the first place is all solar. So you should think of hydro electric cars, solar as well as wind energy. Because wind is the uneven, unequal heating of air on earth surface and that creates air currents that's also solar power is also this also,

isn't it conceivable that you could come up with a combination of desalination and power plant where you're using the heat to combine, you know, to make the turbines move, and then you steam it off, and that's where you get the water

from. That would be a good. That's an interesting idea, and I don't know how much that's been thought about what you're saying is I'm making steam anyway. Yeah, So why don't I do it?

Suck with social water out? Yeah, and make

That's a nice two for one kind of thing. Three for one gets solved and get sold out the other side. Get salt, gets all you freshwater, get fresh water and you generate electricity. So do patented.

No, it's free for anybody who wants it. Take

them, Run with it. I have high hopes for title energy because there's certain places on Earth where tides are very powerful in the very and you just put some paddles in there and you sort of and it and it works both ways when the water comes in

and out. Is it battery technology? That's the reason why l. A is and completely dependent upon solar because it seems like this is the spot to do it like it never rains. I mean, if it rains here 50

days, Yeah, crazy or any desert, right? And we're next door to the Mojave Desert. Right? So So one of the problems is by the The desserts are are generally localized to certain latitudes on earth. It's because of General circulation on Earth. So the air pockets on earth there's a lot going on Earth Air moves in a lot of ways, but there's a There's an overriding circulation of air that has air sort of rising up at the equator. Imagine a cylindrical movement of air that that girds the earth. Okay, so just above the equator, you have a cylinder rotating where you have air rising. And just below the equator you have a cylinder rotating the opposite way so that there is still rising at the equator. Okay, so it rises.

Equator. It's unstable. It makes clouds. Quatorze. One is the cloudy ist place on earth. Practically one of the Cloud East places. Well, how about the other side of those cylinders where the air descends? Okay, When you have descending air, you don't make clouds. Well, how big is the cylinder? It's about 30 degrees of latitude wide. So you're rainiest. Places on earth are at the equator.

That's where you get the Amazon rainforest in the lake and your driest places on earth or 30 degrees north and 30 degrees south, because the cylindrical movements of air have descending air there. So the Mojave Desert the Sahara Desert, the Gobi Desert. They're all around 30 degrees north latitude. So So we live on the surface of the earth, where their forces operating that are so much bigger than us. That way we don't even think about it. Why is an India would be a desert? Because it's right in that zone. Were it not for the seasonal monsoons, It doesn't rain much in India except when it's monsoon season. The monsoon is sort of the exception to what would otherwise happen there. And that's why one loves them on sooner. They hated, but they love it. He cools the weather, they get sources water. There it is.

So ask you the question.

OK, so so so

battery technology. Like what? Why is an L. A completely

solar? It should be. It's not that some of it is cost. L. A is so car heavy. And you know, there's a Lamborghini passing me at 20 miles an hour on the four or five that this is the land of wasted horsepower, right? So any place that has a lot of sunlight should be thriving on solar panels, and you guys aren't I looked around very few how very few homes have solar panels. And I don't fully understand that. Um, you could if you did that, then you'd run your own runoff. Your own power. You can do this. Yeah,

You could do the very difficult, by the way. And so So, um, yeah. I mean, the price might have to come down a little further. You don't really see the full price of oil. It's it's subsidized in ways that are not obvious to us. You know, we built the roads with our taxes so that car companies could sell you a car that you drove on the road that they that was built for them. If they had to build all their own roads, the price of gas to go in the car would have been much higher. The price of your car would have been all of that would have been much higher if the car companies had to do it. What I'm saying is I make a product and I want you to use it. But there's no roads. Oh, I convinced you to build the roads so you can buy my car and drive on that road.

That's a weird way

looking, but it's a waste. It's at full cost accounting. It's full cost accounting. What is the cost of coal? It's how many people died of lung disease of new modern, ultra microscopic silica volcanic Connie AOSIS. Okay, that's the longest word in the in the Random House dictionary. Yeah, that's basically black. Yes, basically black. You can break it up. The new mono ultra microscopic Cilic avo with the silicates in Kano. Connie Aosis. So there's all medical bits Ascent,

staple together to make that word. So So what is the cost to their health? Their death there, the air quality asthma. The total cost of oil is not what you pay at the gas tank. It's other things that we shell out that are not realised in the actual core cost of that source of energy. If you full cost accounted what all this really costs, then the solar option would look way better than it does relative to it.

That's all I'm telling. But when you're talking about cars and car manufacturers having to pay for roads, isn't that restaurants? Isn't that like restaurants

having to pay for toilet paper? No restaurant going restaurants have to pay for land that you would park your car on to go into the restaurant. Not in New York City, but in places where everybody has cars. You don't have valet parking. My restaurant will not occupy the entire plot of land I just bought. It's gonna be some. It's gonna be 1/4 of that land and all the rest are gonna be parking spots. I have absorbed the cost of your parking your car in me in my acquisition of that of that real estate, for example,

to make a convenience of people could use your facility.

Correct. But I bore that cost as as restauranteur, right? Or maybe I'm renting, of course.

But that's that's how does that relate to someone the car manufacturers being forced to pay for the roads or that they should

be? That would have been interesting, had they because then it would have changed the pricing of everything. But why would they be? Are you gonna make a car? And no one has a road to driving on the facility. It's what it's your responsibility. Then you don't have a business.

But don't you want a car? Yes. So we all agree. Cars air good. They move fast, they get you where you want to go, right? So how do we a society make it easier for people to get what they want to go? Well, we all chip in and we make roads. It's not

entirely to before the Ricard's car. Nobody is thinking, you know, I wanna go to Chicago tomorrow and I'll be back on Thursday. No one is even having that thought

before they were email. No one's thinking

you anything, right? These are not thoughts. So I'm just talking about all the forces that had to align to make it actually work. Okay, so now what's holding back electric cars? While I might not be able to charge it, it takes a little too long to charge compared to my other vehicle. Are there enough chargers along the way? Well, these were questions that were asked when people got cars, cars and it takes guest. Is there a gas station? Oh, standard oil says. We'll put a gas station there because you're buying cars. And so it's a whole family of businesses coming together, and you're paying for a big part of that. It's not just the car you pay for the roads. So I'm saying I'm not complaining about it. I'm just describing as a reality.

I get it. I just didn't understand the comparison to car manufacturers paying for that. They said, I make

a car and I want you to buy my car. I need a road, so I'm gonna build the road. Oh, wait a minute. I convince you to build a road. That's even better. Oh, my gosh, I made it a national priority. Oh, it's a security problem. We need a We need a military design interstate system. That's what the interstates is. Military. That's why goes through mountains instead of over them. That's why they're long stretches of straight away so you can land an airplane on it.

That's why they're built above the road. That's where the surface roads are not the same thing as highways, because the highways are not on the surface. Why? Because they built up why? Because tanks contrive on him without decomposing the road. What specs did we put this to? To the autobahn? The Germans invented the modern highway system. They invented the cloverleaf. They invented the off ramps. They invented all of that and their armies could move on their roads like it was nobody's business. And Eisenhower said, Hey, we'll get me some of that He comes this probably not how he said it, I'm guessing.

But he comes old, convinces us all that we need to build an internist. I got nothing against the interstate system. I'm just giving you the foundational fax for it. And by the interstate system costs as much as going to the moon about $100 billion in total cost.

Seems like a bargain compared to how many people use it versus

the mood. And it grows the economy that has a lot of a lot of, but basically it was sold as a zey security need, because if you're a war, you need to move material and personnel and you might have to land an airplane emergency way. And so all freeways do this. You're gonna crash a plane, do it on a freeway, happens yeah, but do it cause you might land safely. And if you don't land safely, the road comes to you to get to the hospital. Don't crash in a forest. We can't get to you, right. Can get emergency vehicles. Good call. Yeah.

You know, have you seen this? New Porsche has a new electric vehicle that about to release and a revolutionary groundbreaking technology allows. Remember, charge much faster. You could charge up to 80% in 20 minutes because it's double the well put. Pull up the information. Was it wattage your amperage?

What? What? What? Just just a couple of things that's different. Batter. You can't cheat physics. So? So, yes, Some batteries charged faster than others. But what What really drives the charging speed of battery is the is the voltage over which you charge the battery and it and it goes a square of the voltage so supercharged. So if you charge a electric car in your 120 volt home electricity, it could take 30 hours if you go to 240 volts. Okay, it'll take, you know, 10 hours if you go to 384 volts. So you keep going up, that drops precipitously. And you could get a voltage where the thing will charge in a few a couple hours.

Yeah, we have a supercharger here. Yeah, set up here for my Tesla.

So there you go. especially as quickly the s Yes. Yeah. Yeah. So you charge it it at most.

90 minutes. I don't think they call it that anymore. Think down the superchargers know the test. Think they call it? Ah, They have, like, an s rave in there. Did the GOP s anymore. Now it's not the p 100 d. That's the West. The high they don't capacity. Okay, now they I think they have it based on whether it's a single engine or double engine. They've simplified things. They removed all the labels to make it a little slicker. Linger.

So did in the Porsche. Is it just the They're selling a higher voltage charger to you? Or is that is the battery so completely different?

Google. 10 interesting things about the new poor sh ty can. How do you say it? I can. That's the articles reading to the

That's cool. So my concern is batteries. They're still kind of 19th century technology. Yeah, you know, invented the battery Volta, Alexandra Volta. Ah, that makes sense. He's cool. Yeah. Voltage vocals. Results come from him. Yeah, all these guys got you know, they got famous. So Tesla,

we got a car named after the guy had a nose. A car. There's actually a unit of electromagnetism named after Nikola Tesla. Yeah, it's Weber's per square meter. I think so. It's a It's like the the density of magnetic field strength within a certain area through through a surface. So that is charged by inductive plate. The eventual transit ports claims that the port turbo charging system charges at 3 50,000 kilowatts 15 minutes,

80% in just 15 minutes. So it's cool. It's not clear how sociable prevent battery overheating. Maybe they won't

Good luck, Bitch could be vaporware, but we'll see. But what they've already been. But But it's game on. That means, yeah, it's game on whether it works or not, it's like people. Tesla's on notice. Everybody's on notice. Yeah. Oh, my gosh, I'm gonna lose market share because people want to buy an electric car, and

so you don't want something that's gonna charge fast. And that's the number one complaint that most people have

over electric cars. Or you find a way to OK, so that's one way. But another way is you find a way to swap batteries as quickly as it in less time than it takes to fill a tank. You know how much time you stand there with your hand on the nozzle, waiting for the gas

to go in, right? So they would have to have a mountain of battery sitting there, waiting for people to just come in.

Any words in the mountain that than a sunken reservoir tank of gas? There's no different. What is that any different? Probably larger volume, right? Possibly. But so what if its economic, you just do it. And if the batteries all at the bottom of the car and it's going NASCAR, you run in, pop it up, take out the body part. That's

when you're off. Do you think

that's the future? Why not? That's better than charging the battery. You don't have a cardia? No, I do as a you do have cars now. I didn't use to. I didn't used to. Expensive is held to garage it in New York. They just went up. The price just went up. The big The big price point of that was when did the average cost to garage a car for a month in New York, in Manhattan equal the average cost of a two bedroom home in the United States. And we passed that close to rent. Yes, because it was $600 a month or something to run a parking spot during a parking spot. Right?

One spot, one spot sounded over a month. You get home in many places in the suburbs, somewhere for 600 car, you drive. So I don't have a Tesla. Yeah. So I ponied up their expensive, by the way. Sorry. Yes, I have the X. So that's my utility vehicle. X is the SUV very high acceleration as you know. And but yeah, there's no maintenance on it,

right? There's no oil change. There's no, you know, the only moving part is the what you turning the wheels with, right? No pistons, nothing. So, you know, cars really should have been this 100 years ago, and then we would have had 100 years of clever engineering to

perfect that You ever see the documentary who killed

the electric car? You know, I have about they know about it and I know some of the background story behind it, and the electric car was one of the first because electricity was all the rage 100 years ago. Let's electrify the cities. This is There's Edison. There's test. Everybody wants to do everything electric and the car had just come out. Let's do it, electric. So this was not a new concept. And it's unfortunate that Mawr, sort of innovative thinkers, hadn't been brought to task on how to perfect the electric car.

Speaking of Tesla's electricity, what did you think about Tesla's initial idea that Westinghouse shot down to sort of broadcast electricity so that people could just pull it out of the

air? Yes, so the people in the Nikola Tesla fan club somehow feel that he got wrong in his life, okay, and should. Surely some of that is true with regard to pat his business acumen and patents. And who owns the patent? And who does he have? Good business sense? Is he a savvy or as sneaky? Whatever other words you might apply to Edison. So I get that. But his contributions to electromagnetism are really and recognized in the world of physics. Like I said, there's a unit of electromagnetism named after him, so don't come crying to me. Say he was not recognized by my people.

Okay? He's recognized he had some ideas that were a little out there and out there on a level where it almost certainly would have not worked. And here's why. Okay, um, electromagnetic energy is communicating between us. I see you. That's because visible light is reflecting off of your scalp. Okay, to me, it's reflecting off of my nose. Back to you. You can ask how much energy is in that will. Not much. It's not much energy in visible light. Photons.

If you stay there long enough, you might feel a little warmth from it. But, no, you're not gonna drive a car with that energy. Not going to run a motor with it. Okay, Well, of what good is it? Oh, you know what we found? We can use electromagnetic radio waves, which are the lowest form of electromagnetic energy. Lowest energy level of all over, like we use radio waves. Not too transmit energy.

That's not the point of it. The point is to transmit information and information became what characterized the modern era. And that's why, in the 19 fifties and sixties, when everyone is imagining flying cars and motorized sidewalks, everything is running on energy because they're thinking energy is gonna be free in the future. But what they didn't figure was that information would be free or easy to transmit and to generate and to store and to to delete. And whereas the energy that we take to move things and to dry things, that would be a problem. No one saw that coming. Nobody saw that coming. So as your photons get higher and higher energy, yes, you can start doing things with them yet X rays and gamma rays. But that's not what Tesla was referring to. He was talking about moving radio waves through the space that would charge things up.

You can't packed sufficient energy in your radio wave to do anything we need to do mechanically currently currently well, back then, would it be sufficient? It might have been something you could have done with your radio waves because the needs were no, but that no snow. I take that back. That was the height of the industrial revolution. That was the age of the machine. The age of the giant turbines. Radio energy is not touching that.

But wasn't it possible that he was considering it for things like radios or light bulbs or household items. Would it would be possible to use that power for that?

So now what? So what happens? So the radio waves. If you had enough power in radio waves to generate a light bulb to power a light bulb, we'll have through the air. Are you standing in the way of this? This energy has pathways. We now send energy through wires because you're not standing in the way of the wire, the wires buried, the wire has insulation suspension. You want to move it through the air and you want to walk around like No, that's not how that works, but what I've heard people moving in energy through the air to power, something that itself could kill you. The energy powering through moving through the air could kill you unless you you bring a little bit amount and then you store it and then use it later. You could do it that way. Insurance was sort of batteries. You need storage system,

but you would still probably have some sort of residual effect of having this stuff broadcast through the air and who knows what it would do to human

health if you needed that much energy. Right now, the energy to transmit information is so low that it No, it has no effect on your health. That's why I can pull out my cell phone. I'm in a break with this fake brick. That's fake, brick. I mean, it feels real. Brexit knows

this. It is. Go touch it. I don't believe you. Good was the real bricks. Go touched the bricks, man. Jesus Christ. Thinks we got fake bricks. Who do you think we are? Okay. Yeah. I thought I was a liar. How weird. Now, let me be honest. So it's a veneer of brick veneer holding real buildings. It's not structural. Sliced the end of bricks, and then they mortar it in and everything really look

Okay, so So we're both right. Really? Really. But it's not structural rail favorite, So here I am. I'm real thick. So we're inside. I could put my cell phone and have a phone call. Yes, these air microwaves off a frequency that can penetrate walls, send information to my cell phone, and I could communicate using information and not have that energy

kill me, but it's not enough to power the.

Actually, it is not enough to power the device.

Correct. So Intissar Test test.

Plus, everyone's thinking he's got the solution to the future transmission of energy.

No, he doesn't. Well, I don't think anyone saying that, but his fans do. But back then there were no computers back then. There were no

television, but we did have machines. It was the era of the Big Machine,

right? But I don't think he was insinuating that you could use that.

What he wanted, T. I don't know what he would have powered with if not light bulbs

and other things. You know, one thing he brought up that's really interesting. You talked about light reflecting off of things. Are you aware that BMW A painted A They painted one of their cars? Vantive

black. I saw This is Jet black? Yes,

I saw my soul in black. You know, light can routes off of it, so not only and drive it because people won't be able to see it at night. They're literally saying like, this is just a theoretical be

just like what would you want? You can line. It was with the political patronage of it. Someone in a parking lot. It's fun. It's very solid in real life. That's not what I saw. I saw a sports car

saw Advanta Black car. They have

them. I saw sports car. That was not the car you have up there. I don't know what that is. What?

I saw BMW that they paint Advanta

Black. Okay, well, in advance of black is available on their badass low to the ground sports car. And so

what? I know it's not available commercially. What do want to say? I'm saying for BMW, it's not. It's not

something They're off. I'm in L. A. You have all your cars here and everything showcased here. What? I didn't see it in New York I saw here in L. A. Well, I'm sure so many wasn't being. Maybe somebody else did.

And I'm just saying BMW if someone did it, BMW didn't make it themselves. Okay, Someone must have done. You can do it. It's a really thing. Vantive. Black

car. So one of the principles of stealth is that if you send a signal to it, it never comes back to you. So you have no sort of radar measure of its existence. Correct. But there two ways you can do that. One of them is you can not reflect back. OK, but some by absorbing it. Right? Okay, so a jet matte black will absorb it and not reflected back. But if there's enough energy coming at it, it will heat up because you can't get something for nothing here. It'll heat up the skin of that, and it could be bad for the occupants.

That's what they said about the article. The article

amount. Vontobel. If you put that in the

desert, forget it. Well, they were saying, even in Los Angeles, rush so

hot. Exactly. So another way to do it is the signal comes to me, and I reflected in a direction that is not back to you. So the B two bomber is not only non reflective back to you, it takes the signal and reflects it and double bounces it so that all of your energy gets sent in other directions and not back to you. So it doesn't then keep the energy that was sent to it. So that's another way to do it. Another. There's another stealth, which was featured in one of the recent not recent four years ago. James Bond movies. Where light that comes at it, the light that's behind it goes around it coherently and continues to come towards you so that you think you're seeing what's behind it and it's not there you are seeing what's behind it. But the path of that light went around the vessel and continued on its way to you. So you think you're just seeing the grass in the tree? But there's a car sitting right there.

You know about this technology? Yeah. Right now, it exists only for very look up a stealth light ray stealth. And so the material has to be able to know what is behind

it. Using small objects only

so not only with that only works in one site line. Whereas if you needed functional stealth, everybody looking at it should every path, every sight line to it should be able to see what's behind it on the

other side of that. So the way it reflects things,

yeah, it carries the light beam around it and sends it out the other side. You will find it. Yeah. Yeah. What? You have is like a solid block and a person is looking at it and you see there I out the other side. It's really freaky that the future of stealth

What do you thoughts on digital privacy?

What do you mean? Well, like phones. You

like phones like, did you ever talk to someone about something? And then you see it in your Google feed? You see ads?

Yes, so we don't I mean, I haven't researched this, but my wife we were once gifted one of these. You know what you call those things? Did you talk Teoh? Whatever the Google one is, Is that Alexis

home? Google at home,

Alexis is Amazon. Google home, and she says, Don't turn that on. I said, Why not? Because we'll be listening And I didn't believe it at first. And then I started hearing stories, and so so I don't have one, but it's not because I know that it's listening

or not substantiated. There's being actual, then said they've apologized for actual human contractors, listening in to conversations that people have had having sex, having arguments like it's really

yeah, that seems like it should be a problem. So what's your question to me. What, my all for it or my own. But what's your question?

No, by my question, is one of things that you're getting out of their ability to scan things. Is there tailoring things to your liking? Like, you know, your phone tells you it's 22 minutes until you get home. I get it, you bitch. How do you know where I live Exactly? I didn't tell

you where I live. I got here. It is, um and I'm just old fashioned about this, okay? I'm get off my lawn about this. Yeah, I'm the old man in the rocking chair on the ports saying, Sonny, get off my lawn. But you're also scientist, okay? But I don't want Oh, OK. I wear multiple hats also, Dad, I'm also a husband.

I got all these hats for all those things. In this particular case, I'm old man, and my old man sensibility is if you track what I shop at a store, what would I buy in a store and then send me coupons based on what you think I'm gonna buy next? Based on what I've bought before, which is kind of the same thing you're describing. You have denied me the chance of stumbling upon something that I never thought of by and that takes away my freedoms.

And I don't want that how they denied you the chance of stumbling upon

something different. It's not diabolical. It's just in the casual flow of life. I'll give an example. I walk into a wine shop. Can I help you? And I say, If you help me find what I'm looking for, it's a guarantee that I will never find what I'm not looking for. And I'll end up spending less money in your wine shop. That's a weird way. Look, it's the art of browsing. Dude, you're old enough to remember when I got a look up this word in a dictionary and you get through six other words. So I never knew that were Let me read that. You learn other words on route to the word you're targeting.

I understand. Okay. Wasn't that that is how I feel And that's how I think about my interaction with this world. I'd like the randomness, the randomness of it enriches my life. And if you're gonna advertise to me because you think you know who I am, Maybe you do. But I'll ultimately end up spending less money because it's the diversity of how I think and what I buy and what I think of buying and how I buy it and how much money I spend That is the richness of the life I lead. You're you're tryingto channel me into some product. So something that fulfills a what you call it when they have the study, whether you're gonna buy something or not there No, no, the the table of people. Do you like this product or not? Focus group? Am I just a focus group to you?

If I am, you don't know me. And I want to experience this world by stepping where I've never stepped before and buying something I've never thought of buying. And if you know my previous habits, you're assuming I'm going to stay that way for the rest of my life. And maybe most people do. And maybe I might do that. But if I do it because I chose to not because you have decided that that's how I

should be. Well, don't you think that I'm sorry you're getting a little excited? Don't you think they're just doing that? Because they think it would be effective toe advertising that way. So if you go Googling, um, new Nikes and then as you're looking at something and the Google ad pops up and it's for new Nikes, they said, Hey, Neil, I know you were looking at the ways we sort a b Ah, just need a little nudge. I mean, it's not I don't think there's that diabolical

the old man on the porch. I'm saying the next generation might feel completely different. Stem. I say I love it. They know exactly what I want. You heard about the case where they were. I read this. I haven't re verified it, but it's completely plausible. There was a teenage girl who was Googling pregnancy tests because maybe she got pregnant. Okay. And the fact that she had searched pregnancy test, she got coupons in the mail for baby products and a parent said one of the wide What is this? She got outed.

That's a

little weird. Yeah, but it's the kind of thing that

can happen that seems that seems intrusive, certainly because this pregnancy, it zero in every way. No, don't tell me it's not intrusive because you want to teach you physical things. There's not just something that appears on your Google feed. You can quickly glance over.

What's the difference? We'll send you mail to your mailbox and filling your advertising space in front of your face with

product with one other people can see

it. I walk by your computer. I can see it. Don't look that that. I guess I'm arguing in principle rather than in detail.

Okay, well, let me take the counterpoint in the on the positive side, what they're doing in terms of its particularly Google, in terms of your driving right and in terms of using of Google maps and documenting the history of all these people driving and especially with things like ways which they acquired as they have developed a much more efficient products. An apple, which would apple does the apple maps. They shred everything you do.

Yes, they do. They did a ball where you've been and where you're going. That's

correct. But Apple Maps sucks, so you have to because they don't have enough data. They don't have nearly the amount of data Google has. Billy,

what is Google giving you that apple maps isn't They're telling you you're 22 minutes from home. You time for you to drive home just valuing that

Well, yes. And also just a map. Their programmes? Far better.

I can ask it how long it will take me to go somewhere rather than it knowing what my what my daytime schedule looks like And then coming in, like you said. How do you know? Bitch? You know, I had that same reaction as you did. And I said, I wonder what What's causing this? It's a little creepy. And again, I'm the old man syndrome. Some a 10 year old kid that's only ever known this and becomes 15 and 20. That is life to them, right? Why would they even maybe they're not gonna complain about it. But I'm the old man on the porch. But

I'm saying it off my list sort of intrusiveness. Or, at the very least, this connection that you have to these devices and that they have to your patterns. In your information, it seems inevitable.

That doesn't mean I have to welcome it with open arms. But I agree it's inevitable. I agree. Plus have security cameras everywhere. Everybody knows where you are. If the KGB had access to people the way we'd in the during the Cold War, the way modern the United States has access to us, we would say, Oh, my gosh, you have taken away your country's freedoms, where the free leaders of the free world and you guys have imprisoned your entire population. Oh, my gosh. The KGB would give their right arm to have the monitoring devices that are actively in proper place here in the United States today. We know where you are. We know how long you stay there.

We have records of it. We know what street you were walking on. We don't necessarily moderate, but we can dig it up if we have to. And with facial recognition Aiken track you wherever you are. I feel like the use of facial recognition. I use it now. It doesn't keep I'm wearing. If I'm wearing a hat or sunglasses, it's still knows who that

I am. Yeah, it relies on so many points,

so many points of cheekbones and nose I separations and everything. I think ratios of numbers are highly powerful. Probes of the structure in the form of things. So, you know Fibonacci sequence right. That could be in there if you have 50. Not your head. Doesn't everybody's face that I think is a little overplayed? Criminology is a little overplayed, especially

once you get a nose job.

You can find it in nature and sales in this beautiful. But you've overlooked all the places where it doesn't show up in nature. So it appears so many times. It doesn't appear in more places

than it does appear right, But in a lot of living things, living France between cones, pineapples. There's a lot of sunflower seeds. It's very are sunflowers. Yeah, really weird, isn't it? Yeah, that. I mean, is this random? Not

random, but this? Well, if the next thing you do depends on the previous two things you did, you get the Fibonacci Siri's. I mean, that's often the case with the You know, uh, think of things in your life you do where the third thing you do depends on you having done the previous two things in this exactly the same way. That's not everything in your life. But you can surely find some things to do. that.

I think it was Camden, New Jersey, where they had such

a crisis. That such that was so random.

No, it's not talking about surveillance. Camden, New Jersey, had such a crisis of funding that I think there was a brief period time at least. I don't know if it's changed where they literally didn't have a police force. And one of the solutions was to put surveillance cameras everywhere. And the idea was to sort of try to capture all the shit that was going down. Here. It is the surveillance city of Camden, New Jersey. A guy crime and the intrusive tools they're using in hopes of stopping it. Yeah, this was Ah. I mean, I don't remember the reason after this happening,

it's Let me take away your freedoms for your own safety. Yeah, this is This is a well known Benjamin Franklin wrote about it. What's his famous Benjamin Franklin quote about security and freedom? Yeah, he, uh, who abandons for security deserves neither Order is getting neither or something. Yeah. Yeah. So? So this is not yet. They that can give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety. Those who sacrifice liberty for safety for security deserve neither. He who would trade liberty for some temporary security deserve neither liberty that he's got all combinations. Cover that bitch! All permutations on that

one. This is what I mean. I don't leave any room

for misquoting. He understood that. So you're your security. You give up some security for privacy, I think. Yes, and I don't know. It's a well known place where that should be drawn and you can actually get an entire generation born into a state where they think that's normal. We all now think it's normal. You have to show I d to walk into an office building. Oh, my gosh. What would that look like during the Cold War? You have to show you in the United States you have to show your papers just to walk into

a building. Well, they're also changing my Carnegie system where if you don't want to travel with a passport, you're gonna have to have a new

40 through the federal driver's license. Federally endorsed drivers like I just went through that last week. Yeah, right. So

when did that go into play? When is that going?

Uh, it's for everybody. Like, next year or something. It's very soon if you want to travel in a particular way. If you don't drive me, that doesn't matter. Fly right, we want to fly. Correct. Correct night. Kind of my passport. River I go. So it's not really a problem for me. But

so, Carrie passport. Everywhere you go, if you want to just get out of the country

house your brain wired would. Thank you. No escape. No. If I had four passports, then you'd say, Do I want to leave? Yeah, whoever anybody in a, you know, espionage movie that somebody was five passports, safe sand and with it with wads of cash of every currency. So So I think I worry that we're sliding towards a state of total monitoring on the premise that we're all better off for it, right? And it's like the frog in the heated water. We don't feel it day by day, but it's happening.

We all agree that we can be hand patted down just to get on an airplane. We've all accepted that because of a handful of people, a handful of historically handful historically handful, not even a handful in this moment, just historically and for the people we also Yes. Take my luggage. X ray, my luggage. Um, take away my liquids, pat me down and I'm okay with that. That's a transition. And I'm okay with security cameras in the street. It was okay. And banks, we understood that.

But now when I exit the bank and I'm in the street when I'm walking and walking in the park so I don't know I don't know the future of that. I really don't know. I saw the movie 1984 recently. Not a very good movie. The book is better than the movie, and I hate to be the one of the people who say that, but I was reminded how you create an entire state where everyone is kept in line because somebody is telling you we're fighting this battle out on the front lines. I'd for gotten this from the book that they're fighting a war on the front lines. You never see the war. You never hear about the war. You know anything about the war other than it exists. And you have to do things a certain way in country so that your country can protect itself from these evil people that want to take over and destroy your way of life. So everybody's under control from

Big Brother. Well, what they didn't anticipate, though, was these social media companies would be the guards or the gatekeepers of your privacy, because that's what's interesting.

Did you voluntarily give him all your

information? That's on governments, right's Twitter and Facebook and Google All the stuff that we use on a daily basis that has access to everything that you dio. That's almost inconceivable to someone outside of this generation that there would be a company that would provide a service. And through that service, you would give up all notions of privacy. Privacy? Yeah, because literally, you have, ah, microphone that's listening. Everywhere you go, you have a bug. Do you carry around with you?

I mean, I don't remember what you've been. You've been pinned, Buck, right? It really is very end. With a

lapel, you will get ads for things you talk about. I mean, that has been proven Eso What is that? What is these passive listening devices that only picking up key words? It's no big deal it's just keywords

the frog in the water until you Yeah, So I don't know what's gonna go. Like I said, I'm a little old folk old fogey about that, but I think we'll resolve

it. Do you think they should be regulation

generally, if you have something good and it gets abused, the regulated. That's the whole point of rate that we're here alive today because of regulation, because their nefarious people who in control of powerful forces operating on society would gain at the expense of everyone else and would not be good for the progress of civilization. So you regulate okay, Airlines air regulated so that you don't die. All right, we have the safest record now ever for commercial airlines. American carriers, the safest ever look at look at not only how many people have not died relative to when we grew up. We grew up through a least one or two planes crashed each year you'd lose between one of 300 people every year. That was like the base line number. That number is near zero now, and way more planes are taking off and landing that in any time When we were kids So it's a double. It's a double. Um,

progress point for not only the Transportation Safety Administration, but engineering technology and everything we care about. We want to fly. So you regulate you Make sure these are inspected this often. You don't. The pilots don't fly more than this many hours. You This gets oil, this gets replaced. It's one of the triumphs of modern engineering aerodynamics, aerospace engineering as a branch of what we do, A civilization is one of the greatest achievements the ever Waas

agreed. Jamie, did you find that stealth stuff found there are cars that have a car.

There would be a laboratory laboratory. Okay. Oh, look, A laboratory. Uh, stealth light something. Try that.

You found lamp store cloaks that people wear. That sort of seems like video. Yeah. Yeah, that seems like Fuck yeah, there's a lot of

it in Harry Potter, the the the was a cloak that they were the invisibility cloak. That would be this principle if it existed with that.

There's a bunch of videos of that, but it seems like they're just using after effects like adobe or something that don't fuck with the video rather than create an actual product because there was a woman in an office that had a blanket and she held up the blanket and you could only see the whole office. You wouldn't see the blanket at all. You'd see what's behind her, but she lowered the blanket. You could see her. And then from the blanket down,

isn't that just a green screen of

the Yeah, that's what it wa. So I think she was holding up a green blanket thing. No,

no, no, no, no, no. Sorry. No, no, no. Nothing to do with that. That's That's the map of dark matter in the universe three

dimensional map. I've tried to give that a shot.

No, we don't know what it is. So don't worry about if you

don't understand habits too goddamn confusing for May. I know I stuck a few stalls.

It's it's something off. The other has 85% of the gravity of the universe, and we don't know what the hell it is. That's not confusing. It's not confusing. It's

if you don't know what it feels it is. It's confusing by nature.

Okay, I have more nuanced definition of confusing. Confusing is, I am confused. I don't know how to think. Dark matter is, I don't even know what to think. I need something in my head to be confused. Right? Dark matter has there's no

we don't know what they do. You anticipate a solution

of that or some sort of Of sure. I want my

eyes it in Hawaii. I hope that damned

might have been might have been a list of folks. It's not the g d t. There'll be the goddamn gets the TMT 30 meter telescope. So yes, solutions that you don't know part of the what is to Explorer is not knowing what it is that you look you will find on all these telescopes, the launched ones as well as the ground based ones we have in a foresight. We're mature enough is a field to know that even though it's designed to look for certain things that were part of the program that you set up for it, you wanna have a serendipity mode for it. You want to be able to say was pointed in some random direction and see what shows up without that you could miss something in plain sight if you're only looking for one thing that you think is there extrapolated from what you knew before and the way I think of it, you know, this is the old saying As the area of our knowledge grows, so too does the perimeter of our ignorance. So as it area goes there more places to look over the fence and stare into the abyss of ignorance that awaits you. So, um, dark matter is sitting on the other side

of the fence that the way of her describes the bonfire of our knowledge grows brighter. The area of our ignorance is illuminated.

Okay, that I had to think about, similar to when I saw him or things. Or if the bonfire is your knowledge, that's lighting the way. As it grows bigger, you go see more stuff you've never you've never noticed before. It's the same

principle. That's a giant one, though, man. 85%

safe every time, the gravity. So, yeah, it. And he had that to the dark energy. We know what that is. Either dark matter. Dark energy comprise 95% of everything that's driving the universe. So everything we know and love the chemistry, the physics the biology life planets stars is 5% of the universe now. So people of theologians and folks able maybe God is in the other 95% ain't being okay. Yeah,

Made God's dark

matter would not be crazy. Well, people say that surprise, but I don't know why Dark matter would care about gay people. Whether yeah, chicks drive cars, depending which religion You're right away. The religions got their What are you wearing?

Yeah. Don't you know I'm gon? Come on. I'm dark matter. Um Well,

by the way, just a, um in in letters from in astrophysics Physicist, which isn't out yet again. I don't know how the hell you got the book, but it's there. There's an entire chapter where I am converse ing with people who are strongly religious. There's a conversation I have in there with orthodox Jewish person, a muzzle multiple fundamentalist Christians and we're talking about the age of the earth. And why and why do we think one way or another? And so that's there's a lot of intimate stuff in there that I generally don't go public with, But I would did it one on one with those who had written to me about these challenges they were facing in life, and they wanted to know what an astrophysicist had to

say about it. What's the youngest version of how old religious person thinks the earth is? What's the How

was the 16 years? That's question Christian. Well of all, Uh, not all Christians, by the way. No, no, of all religions. I don't know

the A Scientologist Like a month old.

I don't know enough about how old all the religions think the universe is the youngest you're going to get the youngest universe going to get from a devout Christian 6000 years. The oldest is around 10,000 and but it's far away from

billions. More been Zahra unique one because they think you get your own planet when you die. Yeah, what's what's Horn

on? That what I want my own planet. Nobody told me that it's odd how one religious group would spur would comment on how preposterous another religious groups comments are. I love you know, I was once. I don't you know this? I was once quoted after I think the Scientology documentary came out on HBO and everybody was talking about when Clearly I think that was it. And there was a lot of chat about it for a couple of weeks and one of the news outlets I forgot who called me up and said, Do I think Scientology should be a religion classified as a religion as an authentic religion? And you can as well why they calling me? Well, because in Scientology they're aliens and if their space beings that

you're supposed to give up this information.

So that's how I got brought into this conversation because of the sectors of Scientology that involves space beings. Okay, All right, so my answer waas We live in a country that protects the free expression of faith based systems provided they don't subtract from the rights of others. So I will not sit here and judge whether fate ends from space. Exum's souls from volcanoes. At least 1/3 of what I just said is accurate. That's from from the Scientology, or whether a man born of a woman is the son of God, who died and rose from the dead. I'm not gonna compare those and judge whether one of them is more authentic than another when they're both founded on belief systems. And so in this country, belief systems are protected and we've all bought into that. And so you know what? The headline was Tyson defense, Of course, that's how you get clicks. That's was the Clickbait of my

Come on, get clicks. You got a distorted Well,

there are some rational people who, in the comment threats, said That's not what he said,

of course, but isn't it more interesting when they do do that? And then inside the actual article itself, to give your full quote so people can see the deception, the real confusing things when they take a chunk of your quote and context taken out of context what they love to dio. So you know, I just go to jail

for that, by the way, so that's interesting. So for me, I'm an observer of that, not a complainer about it. So is that how they're doing it? Okay, so maybe I can shape this phrase differently to minimize the chance of that happening in the future.

Minimizes chance of you being lied

about. Correct. So for me, that is a landscape. There's some land mines here. There is some trap doors here. There's something. And so for me, one who communicates on that landscape that's just information for me to navigate it slightly more nimbly in the fryer.

Got it interesting. Gravity is one thing that hook up on gravity. I'm always hooked up on gravity. Um, because, ah,

as you should be.

Well, since we've talked last, I've been reading a lot about it. And one of the things that confuses me the most is that we don't really understand what gravity is. We know its effects. We can measure them. We know how to measure him. We know what that Mass is involved. Well, we don't really know what gravity

is. There's a similar question in the book, but they got a little more philosophical than you just did. But they both lean philosophical. It's science can describe how gravity works, But can they describe why it works? 10 week? So this is the how why, yeah, duality here and allow me to just answer it from a how y point of view that we can apply it to gravity. OK, after I say that in science, if we can describe how something works and predict its future behavior we claim to understand it and we move on, you can ask deeper questions about it. Why is there gravity? What is the meaning? What is the purpose?

And go ahead. But I'm good with what I've done. And I can land a spacecraft on Mars inside of a crater in a hole in one, using my understanding of gravity. So I'm pretty good with it. Okay. So I'm not distracted by the more philosophical side of that. Why does it work? OK, Einstein. So Newton was deeply puzzled by how you can have something called in which he coined the phrase action at a distance. Okay. He wrote down the equation that worked. He wants any question. Moon goes around the earth. Earth goes on the sun.

The moons of Jupiter go around Jupiter. He accurately describe that with his equations of gravity. Ok, He said one day, I think we're going to find some way that they're connecting to each other. But I don't know what that is right now, but I know my equations work. He called it spooky. It was spooky to him. That's his word. Spooky action at a distance. All right, Fast forward. 300 years. 300 no fast for 252 130 years. Get to Albert Einstein.

Um, gravity is the curvature of space and time, and you're moving on the curvature of that fabric. That's gravity. Oh, my gosh. Is it even a force, then? Is it? Even so, there's no need to think of it as an action at a distance. And in a phrase, first uttered by it was John Archibald Wheeler, a student of Einstein, and I learned relativity from John irritable real effect. That's where I met my wife in relativity class in graduate school.

But it's space. No matter. Tells space how to curve space, tells matter how to move. It moves on the curvature of space. You don't need an action at a distance. There is no action. Didn't it? Can't do anything else but do that. It's like you have a funnel and you take a ball on your roll it on the funnel. The ball can only do what that funnel tells it to dio, and it'll cirque. If you give it a sideways motion, it will start spinning around. There's no magic hand coming in there it is following the curvature of its space time continuum. This construct that you provided for it.

So now I can describe what gravity is doing. I even have a mechanism for it. Are you going to still ask me Why is there gravity? Is that answered? Not fulfilling enough to you, even in the UAE department? Use it well. Why would a particle curve space? You could just keep doing that? That's fine. But is there a point where where you'll be satisfied with the answer that answers my? Why I can say, Well, why did this half leader of order drop off the edger? Well, it's no longer the forces Aaron balanced and no,

But why did it for Well, there's nothing holding. Why did? There's a point where it's not especially productive to continue to think about the world that way, because what what I'm claiming is answers to the how when you understand how enough are tantamount to having answered the why question. That's what That's what I'm

telling amount in terms of the ability to measure it and accurately

use it. Correct. So we can say OK,

but isn't it got obor?

Yes, we could say, Well, Why did you go bald? Well, okay. The hair follicles at when you start in your late twenties and early when you go bald. When do you start losing your probably late twenties? Early thirties? Yeah, that's that's common. If you have your hair when you're 30 you'll probably have it for the rest of your life. That's the how that goes. You start losing it up, right? Going up to your 30. So you say,

Well, the hair follicle begins. Does not producing the carrot in whatever we get The explanation, Then you say, Well, why does the hair follicle stop doing that? Then you say, Oh, well, because the DNA has pre coded about the hair kind of thing with, Well, why does the DNA have their well? Because So

what do we know farm, or about how and why people go bald than we do about what gravity really is.

Correct? I'm telling you, gravity really is the curvature of space and time that gets us the big bang and everything we've ever known. Just

facing time. But it's also based on mass, right? It's based on the amount of any concentration

of matter and energy and or energy will curve the fabric of space and time.

And the more

the movement of matter on that fabric of space and time we call gravity. And I'm good with that.

Okay? But you seem a little oddly defensive about something that scientific.

No, I have

to say I'm good with, but you are because you kind of defending it. No, you can say. Well, defy Doesn't matter. You need to

know why. Uh, what you're saying? I'm saying, why does matter and energy curve the fabric of space and time? You can ask that. Okay, Why? And I don't have an answer affected.

Say, Well, that's all

I'm asking. Well, no. But that's what I'm telling you is okay. You don't know what got you to the point. We had to walk to that point where you're Why, God, Unanswered.

I understand

that, but But before we got to that point, I answered otherwise, I'm not disputing that. Good. Good. So what I'm telling you is that I can answer your why question most of the time, But then you will come back to a point where there's a point where there is the wide doesn't have the answer. So you say, Why did it falling? Say there's a force of gravity operating on it. Why did fall that way? Because of the curvature of space and time. I'm answering your wise. I understand. Then, well, why does matter and energy Kurt space and time? Okay, that's a frontier. We're still working on that.

But that's all I'm asking. That's good. That's why you are a man of science. So you're you're a person that should probably embrace wise.

Except that many people who asked why questions they're really want to. No purpose.

I'm not asking purpose.

Well, then, that's many other people who asked Why questions?

Okay, I don't think I don't know if this

why did you bang the table? I was angry that things so. So. If you're why is just a curiosity of what's going on? That's one thing. If you are enquiring about purpose, then it's theological okay, because when you're theological, then religions give purpose toe.

Clearly, I'm not doing that, but I just think it's amazing that something that's such a massive part of life on this planet that we stayed glued to the ground because

of gravity. Can you pull up my instagram account that I only post

you have an INSTAGRAM account now because you have a fake one for a

while. Yeah, I took it

on mine, actually, I know that

I took it over. He gave it to you. Oh, do the guy read it? You? No, no, no, no. Actually, I Sorry, Instagram. People think this is a real account, and it's not. Can I have it back? If it's an account that's an impostor, followers don't know it.

It's illegal, right? So? So there's there's one that says fan of Neil Taison, and that's a different one. That's the guy. So I only post art house photos Okay, that I've taken, most of which I've taken. So just scroll down and look for Muscle Beach. There it is. Click on that. Okay, so here's my go to my caption. Go full screen on that near my cabin. Okay.

For most of our life on Earth, we either resist or succumb to the force of gravity at Muscle Beach. Gravity loses every time. That's not true. I was proud of that caption. You call me out on that

caption? That's nonsense. Gravity never loses. Gravity doesn't even have, like, little tiny losses. That's how it is a war. Gravity

loses about those just listening to this. So I was that I was advantaged California and the sun was setting behind some guy who was doing who was doing. Um Uh huh. Hand pressed ham presses suspended up on its chin up bar, right? And it was so it was cool. It was silhouetted. There's a palm tree is the beach.

He's there. Gravity's gonna beat that motherfucker.

Let me tell you eventually But while he's it while he's there, he's conquer and gravity Are you getting too old? You haven't called gravity

lately? No. I work out all time. I'm not buying it. Kind

conquered shit. P pulling rank because I work out and you don't because I see your noble age, man Billy.

Well, what? I've talked to other astrophysicists and signs. Well, let

me ask. Are these conversation supposed to have, like, a theme or purpose? Or is it just you sitting and just whatever comes your head, You

send my Were you in May? Yeah, well, clearly, it's just

whatever. I don't think this episode is about. You can't say that. I don't ever do that? You don't do that. Okay, That's just episode number secret to my success. No obligate, no commitments. How the fuck it I

ever have a threat? Think about all the different people, of course, is like, impossible. Of course, fighters and scientists and scholars and crackpots. Because a bunch of different people coming through here. Man, I can't have any agenda, all right? I mean, that is probably the only reason why the stands six successful as it is, but that's a weird one for people that this one thing that is so powerful,

but what is a gravity?

That's a weird one for people. Yeah. I mean, it seems like you're frustrated by all the various questions like, No, you seem a little little defensive there because I thought that

I thought you were taking your white toe ultimately mean no purpose. If it's just why I'm I'm claiming that many responses to how are also responses to a why that's That's the point I'm making. And I don't like splitting definitions

will ultimately understand gravity.

I think we dio. That's why we can land things on Mars way do, which is why your cell phone gets time from GPS satellites That is pre corrected for Einstein's general theory of relativity because they're in a different gravitational field. Then you in orbit. Then you are on Earth surfaced. We got

this. Get angry. Wake Einstein is triumphing. We're running short on time here. So I sent you something that I wanted to ask you. What sent you an email? Did

you get that email? I did. I did. About a black hole that landed in a mysterious place in our understandings. Yes. Yeah, yeah. Let me just give that I'll give the the the sort of Reader's Digest version of this. Okay. Okay. There. Black holes that are sent it to you, Jamie. There black holes that are formed at the consequence of the death of stars. Okay, okay. And we think we understand the formation of stars well enough to say,

with star is born with this much mass, and it'll lose certain amount of mass over its life. All stars lose mass because there's so much pressure and so much energy coming out. It carries particles with it, so they lose mass. The sun is losing mass as we speak. It's called the solar wind so everybody loses mass out there. The question is, at what rate are you losing mass? Is it a lot compared to your total masses? It's small, so very high mass stars are not especially stable objects. They remain stars for 100,000 at most a 1,000,000 years, and they'll explode and become a supernova. If you're more massive than that, they will not explode because the gravity is so strong that it cannot explode against the strength of the gravity.

And it collapses into a black hole. So expect black holes tohave, slightly less mass, somewhat less mass, then the most massive stars that we know how to make. So if you have a hundreds times the mass of the Sun Star, it will lose half its mass over its life. And you have it a black hole that 30 times the mass of the sun or 50 times the mass isn't fine. Put a pin in that in the centers of Galaxies, there supermassive black holes, hundreds of thousands millions times the mass of the sun, and we call their supermassive and their black holes. We call them supermassive black holes, because that's how we roll as astrophysicists. All right, well,

could you have black holes somewhere in the middle of these two extremes? We do not know a phenomenon that will give you a black hole. That's that will birth a black hole that's in between these two. These two categories. You can make a black hole that eats its way there. Fine, but we don't know how to make one. And we think we my colleagues, have done this to think they've discovered a black hole, that it's sitting in this sort of netherworld, where there's no evidence that it eight to become that massive, and we don't know how to explain it by the formation and death of stars and is nowhere near the supermassive black hole in the center of the galaxy. So it is the frontier of research at this moment,

so it's just a newly discovered type

of black hole. It's in a mash regime that is physically impossible. Headlines were reading the headline Now, Black Hole Shock. They show me the the where this appears book spread. So this a British, I think they're British. Anyhow. It's a news digest for science, so black holes, shock theories swirl around the discovery of a physically impossible black hole, so scientists don't use the word impossible unless it's violating a known law of physics. So I bet that was a editors title, and I don't have a problem. I don't mind a little bit of sensationalism there. You can say it is a black hole that comes from it. If it comes from an object,

it is an object we know nothing about, have yet to discover. We're not going to say it's impossible. Every time we point the telescope to the universe, we find something that we never predicted

or understood, and it adds to the knowledge base already have whenever they do discover things, and then it becomes what we know and understand, like the supermassive black holes at the center of every galaxy. That was a fairly recent discovery

in terms it was hypothesized, because we saw the senator got you behaving really weirdly things. Stars were moving faster than they should have, given how much gravity was tugging on them, and we said Dude, something's got to be there and it's gotta be really small because we're tracking stars really close to the middle. Well, if it was made of ordinary matter. How big would have to have to be really, really big. So this has to be really, really small in order for this to happen. The only thing we know that could fill that small volume and have that much gravity is a black hole. So is suspected. For a long time. It was confirmed that as a common thing by the Hubble telescope and first photographed by this recent result in the Galaxy, M 87 messy 87 is what it's That's the name

of the galaxy, and you can determine how big the black hole is. Based on the size of the

galaxy. We can determine the mass of the black hole by how fast stars air, moving at the distance there from it. So, in other words, so So we're earth orbiting the sun and we have a certain speed we're going about. I forgot. Have it? What, uh, 18 miles per second. I think that's the number 30 kilometers a second. That's our speed around. That's a speed around the sun. That's pretty fast. Okay, um,

if the sun had more mass instantly, that speed is not enough to maintain our orbit and will start spiraling in towards it. If the sun had less mass. That speed is too high to be in this orbit. It'll take it toe. It's too fast to maintain this orbit. It'll climb us out to a higher orbit, slowest down and will be in a higher orbit with a slower speed. So, in other words, for any object at any distance, there's only one speed you can maintain and have a stable orbit around it. So when we see stars orbiting something in the center of the galaxy, it is a straightforward Astro 102 equation to calculate how much mass the thing is orbiting and you get the mess and you can't see it. It's small, it's a black hole,

and that leads. German is the end of the podcast Things. Book will be available

Wednesday comes out in in October 1st week of October. Very proud of this book. It's my most heartfelt thing that

I've ever done, but when it comes out, I will take a photograph and put it up on the instagram and the Twitter.

Let everybody know. Yeah, and it's It's a um it also has letters from people in prison, a person who just learned that they were had terminal cancer. I mean, there's a lot of people reaching responding toe letters. Yeah, it's me responding and their letters. I can't fit all of their letters. Some are very long tones, but most of the their letters and then all of my correspondence is in there. So it's my most heartfelt contribution to this

universe, and start talk is still a

part still going still go. Startalk would pump it up. 50 episodes and a television show? Yes, So what? We can see if we're gonna have a new season? We don't know yet. That's to be announced. But we're going stewards always. Ah, podcast. And we got a YouTube channel startalk YouTube channel. And we're thinking of branching out into other kinds of of educational product. That's still fun and comedic and the like. And and I love your support for this because you're you're also a comedian, so you know the value. And I love comedians that have their fundamental part of how we deliver science to the public on startalk. So thanks for for that plug.

My pleasure, my friend. Do thank you always good always bye, everybody, Thank you for tuning into the show and thank you to the new Comedy Central podcast Stand Up with Chris Distephano. You can subscribe and listen to new episodes of Stand Up with Krista Stephano every Thursday wherever you listen to your podcasts, Thank you also to movement watches. Movement also now has ever scrolled blue light filtering glasses. They have dope sunglasses to they got a lot of cool shit. It's an awesome company and they have, ah, wonderful offer for you. Get 15% off today with free shipping and free returns by going toe. M the m t dot com slash Rogan shop movement Ever scroll blue light filtering glasses, protect your eyes and look great while doing it. Go to M the m t dot com slash Rogan and join the movement. Oh,

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