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Doctor Alan B. Scott was the first one to discover the effects of Botulinum toxin (BTX) on muscles. He was an ophthalmologist specializing in strabismus, a condition where eyes do not line up properly, and Dr. Scott had an idea that if it was possible to paralyze eye muscles, he would be able to temporarily set them in a correct position. He picked a very potent toxin, botulism, and tested it. Another doctor, Dr. Jean Krauszer, was studying involuntary eye blinking (blepharospasm), and she too thought that maybe she could use this toxin, and started using it on her patients.

Advertisers often look at lists sizes first, instead of looking at open rates for a newsletter. For example, they would be more willing to support someone with 50,000 subscribers than someone with 13,000, even if the latter gets 2-3x more people to actually open the newsletter. Size matters.

By recovering messages to receive the DNA, every time data is retrieved, DNA is lost. Also, sequencing includes error in the DNA.

Belinda chewed on the Duchess.

He wants people to be super clean and clear by getting all of their verbiage and story out of the way. In doing so, people will be really clear about who they are and what they're doing in the world to help them see if they are aligning their values and life.

One component is to become the preferred partner for all your key constituencies, which include customers, employees, suppliers, and society as a whole. The second component is to continually transform yourself. You will become obsolete if you don’t continuously transform.

Instead of being hostile toward them, find something you disagree on, or fight and attack them, search for something you both can work together on to contribute and help people improve their lives. This creates an unexpected ally.

When making something creative, you want to take it to the next step and have someone on to believe in you. External validation makes you believe that you have "made it." In the case of Burt Blackarach, that meant getting a record label deal for his music.

Airports or land borders cannot prevent entry of the virus, and checking temperatures at the border is not going to help to prevent its distribution.

However, borders are important because by identifying infected, or potentially infected people, we can assist them both medically, and by giving them an understanding of what they are facing.

Ask people who were involved in your business on sidelines about their vantage point. What do they think went wrong?

Was there any advice they gave you that you did not follow? Was there any information or feelings that weren't shared in due time, which could have helped the situation?

Be open to any honest advice. You have to want to hear their authentic thoughts, not a confirmation of the narrative that you want to believe in.

Tony needed to kickstart his pizza business, so in order to secure cash upfront, he was able to give Alfred a discount, in exchange for an annual commitment.

In tern, Alfred realized that he could arbitrage his margins by simply selling this pizza to lazy roommates who were not interested in making a trip to the grill downstairs.

As as result, Alfred ended up making easy money in short amount of time, while Tony had to do all the restaurant work and then some.

This is when Alfred realized that even if you have a boring commodity business, you can make it interesting and worthwhile.